Science and Technology MCQs for UPSC Exams

Q: 1. Which launch vehicle is used by ISRO for its heavy communication and deep-space missions, previously known as the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III)?

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Q: 2. What is the primary objective of India's 'Aditya-L1' mission launched by ISRO?

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Q: 3. What is 'CRISPR-Cas9' technology primarily used for in modern molecular biology?

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Q: 4. What is the role of 'Heavy Water' (Deuterium Oxide) in a nuclear reactor?

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Q: 5. Which of the following electromagnetic spectrum bands are predominantly used for standard mobile cellular communication?

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Q: 6. What is the primary goal of India's human spaceflight mission named 'Gaganyaan'?

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Q: 7. What distinguishes the 'LIGO-India' project currently under construction in Maharashtra?

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Q: 8. What physical principle is the operation of 'Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)' based on?

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Q: 9. Which component serves as the fundamental building block of quantum computing, replacing classical bits?

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Q: 10. What is 'Superconductivity'?

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1. Which launch vehicle is used by ISRO for its heavy communication and deep-space missions, previously known as the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III)?

a) PSLV-C57

b) LVM3

c) SSLV-D2

d) ASLV

Correct Answer: b) LVM3

Explanation:

LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark 3) is India's heaviest operational launch vehicle, capable of launching 4-tonne class satellites to Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO) and executing heavy missions like Chandrayaan-3 and Gaganyaan.

2. What is the primary objective of India's 'Aditya-L1' mission launched by ISRO?

a) Landing a rover on the South Pole of the Moon

b) Studying the Sun's photosphere, chromosphere, and corona from the Lagrange point 1 (L1)

c) Mapping Martian atmospheric methane and subsurface water ice

d) Placing a crewed space station in low Earth orbit

Correct Answer: b) Studying the Sun's photosphere, chromosphere, and corona from the Lagrange point 1 (L1)

Explanation:

Aditya-L1 is India's first dedicated solar space observatory mission positioned in a halo orbit around the Lagrangian point L1, roughly 1.5 million km from Earth.

3. What is 'CRISPR-Cas9' technology primarily used for in modern molecular biology?

a) Quantum cryptography data encryption

b) Targeted gene editing and modification of DNA sequences

c) Desalination of seawater using nanomembranes

d) Enhanced satellite remote sensing of agricultural soils

Correct Answer: b) Targeted gene editing and modification of DNA sequences

Explanation:

CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary gene-editing tool derived from bacterial defense systems, allowing scientists to alter DNA sequences and modify gene function with high precision.

4. What is the role of 'Heavy Water' (Deuterium Oxide) in a nuclear reactor?

a) As a primary fuel source to trigger nuclear fission

b) As a neutron moderator to slow down fast neutrons

c) As a chemical catalyst for uranium enrichment

d) As a radiation shield to absorb gamma rays

Correct Answer: b) As a neutron moderator to slow down fast neutrons

Explanation:

Heavy water is used in nuclear reactors (like Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors) as a moderator to slow down fast neutrons so that they can sustain the nuclear fission chain reaction efficiently.

5. Which of the following electromagnetic spectrum bands are predominantly used for standard mobile cellular communication?

a) X-rays and Gamma rays

b) Radio waves and Microwaves

c) Ultraviolet rays

d) Infrared thermal waves

Correct Answer: b) Radio waves and Microwaves

Explanation:

Cellular networks transmit voice and data streams using specific radio frequency bands and microwaves within the electromagnetic spectrum.

6. What is the primary goal of India's human spaceflight mission named 'Gaganyaan'?

a) Placing an uncrewed robotic lander on Venus

b) Sending Indian astronauts (Vyomanauts) into low Earth orbit and bringing them back safely

c) Establishing a permanent crewed lunar base

d) Launching interplanetary probes to Jupiter

Correct Answer: b) Sending Indian astronauts (Vyomanauts) into low Earth orbit and bringing them back safely

Explanation:

Gaganyaan is ISRO's flagship human spaceflight program to demonstrate indigenous capability to send humans to low Earth orbit (LEO) and return them safely to Earth.

7. What distinguishes the 'LIGO-India' project currently under construction in Maharashtra?

a) It is a deep-sea oceanographic drilling platform.

b) It is an advanced gravitational-wave observatory designed to detect ripples in spacetime.

c) It is a high-energy particle accelerator studying dark matter.

d) It is an optical telescope array tracking exoplanet transits.

Correct Answer: b) It is an advanced gravitational-wave observatory designed to detect ripples in spacetime.

Explanation:

LIGO-India is a planned state-of-the-art gravitational-wave detector that will work in tandem with global detectors to locate sources of gravitational waves in the universe.

8. What physical principle is the operation of 'Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)' based on?

a) Thermionic emission of electrons in a vacuum tube

b) Electroluminescence in semiconductor materials

c) Radioactive decay of tritium gas

d) Combustion of chemical vapors

Correct Answer: b) Electroluminescence in semiconductor materials

Explanation:

An LED is a semiconductor device that emits incoherent narrow-spectrum light when electrical current passes through it in the forward direction, a process called electroluminescence.

9. Which component serves as the fundamental building block of quantum computing, replacing classical bits?

a) Transistors

b) Qubits (Quantum bits)

c) Capacitors

d) Optical gates

Correct Answer: b) Qubits (Quantum bits)

Explanation:

Unlike classical bits that can only be 0 or 1, qubits can exist in a superposition of states simultaneously, allowing quantum computers to solve complex problems exponentially faster.

10. What is 'Superconductivity'?

a) The ability of certain materials to conduct electricity with zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature

b) The high thermal conductivity of diamond at ambient temperature

c) The rapid transmission of data through fiber optic cables without attenuation

d) The maximum electrical load capacity of high-tension power grids

Correct Answer: a) The ability of certain materials to conduct electricity with zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature

Explanation:

Superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon characterized by exact zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields in materials cooled below a critical temperature.

11. Which of the following is a supersonic cruise missile jointly developed by India and Russia?

a) Prithvi

b) Agni-V

c) BrahMos

d) Astra

Correct Answer: c) BrahMos

Explanation:

BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile produced by BrahMos Aerospace, a joint venture between India (DRDO) and Russia (NPOM).

12. What is 'INS Arihant' in the context of India's strategic defense capabilities?

a) An indigenous aircraft carrier deployed in the Indian Ocean

b) India's first indigenous nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN)

c) A stealth guided-missile destroyer

d) An amphibious assault landing ship

Correct Answer: b) India's first indigenous nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN)

Explanation:

INS Arihant is India's first indigenously built nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, cementing the nation's nuclear triad capability.

13. What is the primary purpose of India's 'SSLV' (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle)?

a) Launching heavy communication satellites into geostationary orbit

b) Providing cost-effective, on-demand launch services for nano and microsatellites into low Earth orbit

c) Executing crewed interplanetary missions

d) Deploying deep-space probes to Mars and Venus

Correct Answer: b) Providing cost-effective, on-demand launch services for nano and microsatellites into low Earth orbit

Explanation:

SSLV was developed by ISRO to cater to the burgeoning market for launching small satellites (up to 500 kg) with minimal turnaround time and low launch costs.

14. What does the term 'Graphene', often discussed in nanotechnology, refer to?

a) A heavy radioactive isotope of carbon used in nuclear reactors

b) A two-dimensional single-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice

c) A synthetic polymer used for bulletproof vests

d) A semiconductor material replacing silicon in microchips

Correct Answer: b) A two-dimensional single-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice

Explanation:

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, boasting extraordinary strength, electrical conductivity, and flexibility.

15. What is 'CAR-T cell therapy', a breakthrough medical advancement recently in the news?

a) A robotic surgical technique for cardiac bypass procedures

b) A type of immunotherapy where a patient's own immune cells are genetically altered to target and destroy cancer cells

c) A stem cell treatment for spinal cord injuries

d) A diagnostic imaging technique using radioactive tracers

Correct Answer: b) A type of immunotherapy where a patient's own immune cells are genetically altered to target and destroy cancer cells

Explanation:

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a form of immunotherapy that reprograms a patient's T-cells to specifically recognize and eliminate cancer cells.

16. Which of the following technologies is the foundation of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and secure decentralized ledgers?

a) Cloud computing virtualization

b) Blockchain technology

c) Quantum entanglement cryptography

d) Neural network machine learning

Correct Answer: b) Blockchain technology

Explanation:

Blockchain is a distributed, decentralized ledger technology that securely records transactions across a peer-to-peer network, ensuring transparency and tamper resistance.

17. What is the primary function of 'Internet of Things (IoT)' devices?

a) Encrypting high-security military communication channels

b) Connecting everyday physical objects to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data and interact autonomously

c) Accelerating quantum computing data processing speeds

d) Mining cryptocurrencies using renewable energy sources

Correct Answer: b) Connecting everyday physical objects to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data and interact autonomously

Explanation:

IoT refers to a network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that enable them to exchange data with other devices over the internet.

18. What is 'NavIC' (Navigation with Indian Constellation), developed by ISRO?

a) An indigenous regional satellite navigation system providing accurate position information service

b) A deep-space communication network tracking interplanetary probes

c) A high-resolution earth observation satellite series

d) An automated maritime tracking system for cargo ships

Correct Answer: a) An indigenous regional satellite navigation system providing accurate position information service

Explanation:

NavIC (operational name for IRNSS) is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India to provide accurate position, navigation, and timing services.

19. What is the distinguishing feature of 'Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR)' in India's three-stage nuclear power program?

a) They use thorium as the primary fuel without any processing.

b) They produce more fissile material than they consume during the fission reaction.

c) They operate at cryogenic temperatures using liquid helium coolant.

d) They generate electricity exclusively through nuclear fusion.

Correct Answer: b) They produce more fissile material than they consume during the fission reaction.

Explanation:

Fast Breeder Reactors form the crucial second stage of India's nuclear program, utilizing plutonium-uranium mixed oxide fuel to breed more fissile material (such as Pu-239) than they burn.

20. Which institution in India is responsible for granting emergency use authorizations and approvals for new vaccines and drugs?

a) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

b) Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)

c) Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)

d) Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

Correct Answer: b) Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)

Explanation:

The CDSCO is the national regulatory body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare responsible for approval of drugs, conduct of clinical trials, and vaccine standards in India.

21. What is 'mRNA vaccine' technology, famously used during the COVID-19 pandemic?

a) Injecting weakened live viruses to trigger immune memory

b) Delivering synthetic messenger RNA instructions into human cells to produce a harmless viral protein that triggers an immune response

c) Using recombinant DNA proteins harvested from yeast cultures

d) Administering manufactured antibodies directly into the bloodstream

Correct Answer: b) Delivering synthetic messenger RNA instructions into human cells to produce a harmless viral protein that triggers an immune response

Explanation:

mRNA vaccines instruct cells how to make a protein—or even a piece of a protein—that triggers an immune response, without using live virus particles.

22. What is 'Artificial Intelligence (AI) Deepfakes'?

a) High-security encryption algorithms used in banking transactions

b) Synthetic media where a person in an existing image or video is replaced with someone else's likeness using neural networks

c) Autonomous drones used for deep-sea mineral exploration

d) Quantum computing simulations of molecular chemistry

Correct Answer: b) Synthetic media where a person in an existing image or video is replaced with someone else's likeness using neural networks

Explanation:

Deepfakes are AI-generated synthetic media that manipulate or fabricate visual and audio content, often making individuals appear to say or do things they never did.

23. Which of the following crops is the only genetically modified (GM) crop commercially approved for cultivation in India?

a) Bt Brinjal

b) Bt Cotton

c) GM Mustard (DMH-11)

d) Golden Rice

Correct Answer: b) Bt Cotton

Explanation:

Bt cotton is currently the only genetically modified crop approved for commercial cultivation in India, engineered with bacterial genes to resist bollworm pests.

24. What is 'Neutrino', often studied in underground laboratories like the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)?

a) A heavy subatomic particle that carries a positive electrical charge

b) A nearly massless subatomic fundamental particle that interacts very weakly with matter

c) A radioactive isotope used in cancer radiotherapy

d) A hypothetical particle that travels faster than the speed of light

Correct Answer: b) A nearly massless subatomic fundamental particle that interacts very weakly with matter

Explanation:

Neutrinos are fundamental subatomic particles with extremely small mass and no electrical charge, passing through ordinary matter virtually unhindered.

25. What is the primary application of 'Li-Fi' (Light Fidelity) technology?

a) Wireless data transmission using visible light waves instead of radio frequency waves

b) Long-range satellite navigation tracking

c) Underwater fiber-optic cable communication

d) High-power laser weaponry defense systems

Correct Answer: a) Wireless data transmission using visible light waves instead of radio frequency waves

Explanation:

Li-Fi is a wireless communication technology that utilizes light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit data at high speeds across short ranges.

26. What is 'Project 75 India (P-75I)' related to in the defense sector?

a) Construction of indigenous aircraft carriers

b) Building six modern conventional diesel-electric submarines equipped with Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems

c) Development of hypersonic cruise missiles

d) Procurement of fifth-generation stealth fighter jets

Correct Answer: b) Building six modern conventional diesel-electric submarines equipped with Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems

Explanation:

P-75I is a strategic naval acquisition project aimed at constructing advanced stealth submarines equipped with AIP for extended underwater endurance.

27. What is 'Stem Cell Therapy' characterized by?

a) Transplanting undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various specialized cell types to repair damaged tissues

b) Extracting genetic material to clone extinct animal species

c) Using chemical enzymes to dissolve arterial plaque

d) Administering synthetic hormones to accelerate bone growth

Correct Answer: a) Transplanting undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various specialized cell types to repair damaged tissues

Explanation:

Stem cells are unspecialized biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells, holding immense regenerative medicine potential.

28. What is 'NISAR' (NASA-ISRO SAR Mission)?

a) A joint satellite mission to map Earth's ecosystems and ice masses using advanced synthetic aperture radar

b) A joint lunar rover exploration project on the lunar south pole

c) A joint Mars atmospheric orbiter mission

d) A deep-space telescope tracking near-Earth asteroids

Correct Answer: a) A joint satellite mission to map Earth's ecosystems and ice masses using advanced synthetic aperture radar

Explanation:

NISAR is a joint Earth-observation mission between NASA and ISRO to measure changes in Earth's crust, ice sheets, and ecosystems using dual-frequency radar imaging.

29. What does '5G technology' offer compared to previous 4G wireless networks?

a) Higher latency and lower data bandwidth

b) Ultra-low latency, massive device connectivity, and multi-gigabit data speeds

c) Exclusive reliance on satellite communication uplinks

d) Mandatory analog voice transmission fallback

Correct Answer: b) Ultra-low latency, massive device connectivity, and multi-gigabit data speeds

Explanation:

5G networks provide exponentially faster data rates, significantly lower latency (response time), and the capacity to connect millions of IoT devices simultaneously.

30. What is 'Bioplastics' made from?

a) Petroleum-derived synthetic polymers treated with chlorine

b) Renewable biomass sources such as corn starch, vegetable fats, and sugarcane polymers

c) Recycled electronic waste and heavy metal alloys

d) Silica glass fibers fused with carbon nanotubes

Correct Answer: b) Renewable biomass sources such as corn starch, vegetable fats, and sugarcane polymers

Explanation:

Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources, making them biodegradable and environmentally sustainable alternatives to fossil plastics.

31. What is 'Pinaka' in the Indian defense arsenal?

a) An unguided multi-barrel rocket launcher system developed by DRDO

b) An anti-ballistic missile interceptor

c) A tactical unmanned combat aerial vehicle

d) A main battle tank deployed in high-altitude terrain

Correct Answer: a) An unguided multi-barrel rocket launcher system developed by DRDO

Explanation:

Pinaka is a multiple rocket launcher produced in India and developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Army.

32. What is 'Cloud Computing'?

a) Meteorological forecasting using supercomputer weather simulations

b) The delivery of computing services—including data storage, servers, databases, and networking—over the internet

c) Satellite-based remote sensing of atmospheric cloud cover

d) Solar radiation management to combat global warming

Correct Answer: b) The delivery of computing services—including data storage, servers, databases, and networking—over the internet

Explanation:

Cloud computing allows individuals and enterprises to access and store data and run applications on remote servers hosted on the internet rather than local hardware.

33. What is the primary function of 'Scramjet Engine' technology used in hypersonic flight?

a) Carrying onboard liquid oxygen tanks for space travel in a vacuum

b) Using atmospheric oxygen compressed by supersonic forward speed to burn hydrogen fuel without heavy oxidizer tanks

c) Generating electrical power through nuclear fission inside jet turbines

d) Propelling underwater torpedoes at supersonic speeds

Correct Answer: b) Using atmospheric oxygen compressed by supersonic forward speed to burn hydrogen fuel without heavy oxidizer tanks

Explanation:

A supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) is an airbreathing jet engine that operates at supersonic speeds, utilizing the vehicle's forward motion to compress incoming air without rotating compressors.

34. What is 'Quantum Entanglement'?

a) A physical phenomenon where a group of particles interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, regardless of distance

b) The physical collision of subatomic particles inside a particle accelerator

c) The encryption of data using classical cryptographic keys

d) The gravitational bonding of stars in a galaxy cluster

Correct Answer: a) A physical phenomenon where a group of particles interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, regardless of distance

Explanation:

Quantum entanglement is a foundational principle of quantum mechanics where entangled particles remain interconnected such that the state of one instantaneously dictates the state of another.

35. What is 'PARAM Siddhi' in the context of Indian technology?

a) An indigenous high-performance AI supercomputer

b) A deep-sea ocean research submersible

c) A navigational satellite launched for maritime security

d) An intercontinental ballistic missile test vehicle

Correct Answer: a) An indigenous high-performance AI supercomputer

Explanation:

PARAM Siddhi is one of India's fastest high-performance computing artificial intelligence supercomputers established under the National Supercomputing Mission.

36. What is 'Metagenomics'?

a) The study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples without culturing individual organisms

b) The engineering of synthetic chromosomes in laboratory yeast

c) The mapping of the human genome for personalized medicine

d) The computer modeling of protein folding structures

Correct Answer: a) The study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples without culturing individual organisms

Explanation:

Metagenomics allows scientists to analyze the collective genomes of microbial communities directly from their natural habitats, bypassing the need for laboratory isolation.

37. What is 'S-400 Triumf' acquired by India?

a) A long-range surface-to-air missile defense system

b) An airborne warning and control system aircraft

c) A nuclear-powered attack submarine

d) An unmanned combat drone swarm

Correct Answer: a) A long-range surface-to-air missile defense system

Explanation:

The S-400 Triumf is an advanced mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system designed to detect, track, and destroy aircraft, UAVs, and ballistic and cruise missiles.

38. What is 'Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)' technology designed to achieve?

a) Capturing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial sources like power plants and storing it underground to prevent release into the atmosphere

b) Converting CO2 directly into organic fertilizers for agriculture

c) Absorbing greenhouse gases through artificial forest afforestation

d) Neutralizing ocean acidity using alkaline chemical compounds

Correct Answer: a) Capturing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial sources like power plants and storing it underground to prevent release into the atmosphere

Explanation:

CCS is a climate mitigation technology that intercepts carbon dioxide at emission points and injects it deep into geological formations for permanent underground storage.

39. What is 'National Quantum Mission (NQM)' approved by the Indian government aimed at?

a) Developing quantum computers, quantum communication, and quantum sensing technologies to foster scientific leadership

b) Building nuclear fusion reactors for clean energy

c) Launching quantum satellites for deep space exploration

d) Replacing all digital fiber-optic cables with quantum networks immediately

Correct Answer: a) Developing quantum computers, quantum communication, and quantum sensing technologies to foster scientific leadership

Explanation:

The National Quantum Mission seeds R&D in quantum computing, communication, materials, and sensors to position India among the top nations in quantum technology.

40. What is 'Phages' or 'Bacteriophages' used for in biotechnology and medicine?

a) Viruses that infect and destroy specific pathogenic bacteria, offering alternatives to antibiotic resistance

b) Enzymes that cut DNA strands in gene editing

c) Synthetic proteins that bind to cancer cell receptors

d) Microorganisms that clean up oil spills in oceans

Correct Answer: a) Viruses that infect and destroy specific pathogenic bacteria, offering alternatives to antibiotic resistance

Explanation:

Bacteriophages are specialized viruses that target and kill specific bacterial strains, gaining attention as potential treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections.

41. What is 'NavIC' frequency band primarily designed to offer?

a) Accurate civilian positioning and strategic military navigation over India and surrounding regions

b) Global broadband internet connectivity for remote rural villages

c) Military radar surveillance of international borders

d) Weather forecasting and cyclone tracking

Correct Answer: a) Accurate civilian positioning and strategic military navigation over India and surrounding regions

Explanation:

NavIC provides two services: Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for civilian users and Restricted Service (RS) for authorized strategic users.

42. What is 'Agni-V' in India's ballistic missile program?

a) An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) with a range exceeding 5,000 kilometers

b) A short-range tactical battlefield missile

c) A submarine-launched ballistic missile

d) An anti-satellite missile weapon

Correct Answer: a) An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) with a range exceeding 5,000 kilometers

Explanation:

Agni-V is an Indian nuclear-capable intercontinental ballistic missile developed by DRDO, providing strategic deterrence with a range extending over 5,000 km.

43. What is 'Synthetic Biology'?

a) The design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems, or the redesign of existing natural biological systems for useful purposes

b) The cloning of mammalian livestock for agricultural production

c) The chemical synthesis of petroleum plastics in industrial laboratories

d) The digital simulation of human brain neural networks

Correct Answer: a) The design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems, or the redesign of existing natural biological systems for useful purposes

Explanation:

Synthetic biology combines biology and engineering to design and build novel biological functions and organisms not found in nature.

44. What is 'Mission Shakti' conducted by India in 2019?

a) An anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test successfully destroying a live target satellite in low Earth orbit

b) The launch of India's first lunar rover

c) A military operation securing maritime trade routes in the Indian Ocean

d) The deployment of strategic nuclear submarines

Correct Answer: a) An anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test successfully destroying a live target satellite in low Earth orbit

Explanation:

Mission Shakti was an anti-satellite test where India successfully intercepted and destroyed a low Earth orbit satellite, demonstrating space defense capability.

45. What is 'Hydrogen Fuel Cell' technology?

a) An electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity, with water as the only byproduct

b) A combustion engine that burns liquid hydrogen with high carbon emissions

c) A nuclear reactor using heavy hydrogen isotopes for fusion energy

d) A solar panel that splits water molecules using photovoltaic cells

Correct Answer: a) An electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity, with water as the only byproduct

Explanation:

Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen fuel and oxygen, emitting zero greenhouse gases when fueled by green hydrogen.

46. What is 'Semiconductor Fabrication (Fab)' crucial for in modern high-tech industries?

a) Manufacturing microchips and integrated circuits that power computers, smartphones, and electronic systems

b) Refining raw uranium for nuclear power reactors

c) Producing fiber optic cables for telecommunication networks

d) Synthesizing pharmaceutical compounds for vaccines

Correct Answer: a) Manufacturing microchips and integrated circuits that power computers, smartphones, and electronic systems

Explanation:

Semiconductor fabrication plants (fabs) are specialized factories where silicon wafers are processed into complex microchips essential for electronic devices.

47. What is 'Deep Sea Mission' (Samudrayaan) launched by India aimed at?

a) Developing deep-sea crewed submersibles to explore mineral resources and hydrothermal vents in the ocean depths

b) Laying transoceanic fiber-optic submarine cables

c) Constructing offshore floating nuclear power plants

d) Deploying naval submarine rescue stations

Correct Answer: a) Developing deep-sea crewed submersibles to explore mineral resources and hydrothermal vents in the ocean depths

Explanation:

Samudrayaan is India's flagship deep ocean mission to develop a crewed submersible (Matsya 6000) to explore deep-sea minerals like polymetallic nodules.

48. What is 'Edge Computing' in information technology?

a) Processing data closer to where it is collected (at the edge of the network) rather than relying on a centralized cloud data center

b) Using quantum computing algorithms to break encryption keys

c) Transmitting data over satellite uplinks in remote border areas

d) Optimizing server cooling systems in data centers

Correct Answer: a) Processing data closer to where it is collected (at the edge of the network) rather than relying on a centralized cloud data center

Explanation:

Edge computing reduces latency and bandwidth usage by performing data computation and analysis locally on devices or edge servers rather than sending raw data to distant cloud servers.

49. What is 'Epigenetics'?

a) The study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than alterations in the underlying DNA sequence

b) The laboratory synthesis of artificial genes and chromosomes

c) The genetic mapping of hereditary diseases

d) The study of prehistoric human DNA fossils

Correct Answer: a) The study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than alterations in the underlying DNA sequence

Explanation:

Epigenetics explores how environmental factors, lifestyle, and developmental stages can alter gene activity and expression without mutating the DNA code itself.

50. What is 'James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)' primarily designed to observe?

a) Infrared astronomy capturing light from the first galaxies formed after the Big Bang and studying exoplanet atmospheres

b) High-energy X-ray emissions from black hole accretion disks

c) Solar coronal mass ejections and sunspot cycles

d) Ultraviolet radiation from nearby stellar nurseries

Correct Answer: a) Infrared astronomy capturing light from the first galaxies formed after the Big Bang and studying exoplanet atmospheres

Explanation:

JWST is an orbiting infrared space observatory designed to peer further back in time than ever before, capturing light from the earliest stars and galaxies.

51. What is 'Biopiracy'?

a) The unauthorized commercial exploitation and patenting of biological resources and traditional knowledge indigenous to developing nations

b) The illegal poaching of endangered wildlife in protected reserves

c) The genetic modification of crops without biosafety clearance

d) The smuggling of restricted pharmaceutical drugs across borders

Correct Answer: a) The unauthorized commercial exploitation and patenting of biological resources and traditional knowledge indigenous to developing nations

Explanation:

Biopiracy refers to the appropriation of indigenous biological materials and traditional healing knowledge by corporations without fair compensation to local communities.

52. What is 'Astra' in India's defense systems?

a) An indigenous beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile

b) A surface-to-air air defense battery

c) An anti-tank guided missile weapon

d) A naval torpedo defense countermeasure

Correct Answer: a) An indigenous beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile

Explanation:

Astra is an indigenously developed beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile designed to be mounted on fighter aircraft like the Su-30MKI and Tejas.

53. What is 'Human Genome Project' significance?

a) Sequencing and mapping all the genes of the human species to understand genetic diseases and personalized medicine

b) Cloning human organs for transplantation

c) Mapping the neural pathways of the human brain

d) Synthesizing artificial human chromosomes in laboratories

Correct Answer: a) Sequencing and mapping all the genes of the human species to understand genetic diseases and personalized medicine

Explanation:

The international Human Genome Project successfully mapped all human genes, revolutionizing genetics, molecular biology, and personalized healthcare.

54. What is 'Open-Source Software'?

a) Software whose source code is made freely available and distributable for modification and enhancement by anyone

b) Software protected by stringent commercial copyright licenses

c) Proprietary software locked behind subscription firewalls

d) Software designed exclusively for government military networks

Correct Answer: a) Software whose source code is made freely available and distributable for modification and enhancement by anyone

Explanation:

Open-source software encourages collaborative development by granting users the right to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone for any purpose.

55. What is 'Cryogenic Rocket Engine' technology characterized by?

a) Using liquefied gases at extremely low temperatures (such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen) as propellants for high energy efficiency

b) Operating at high ambient temperatures using solid fuel boosters

c) Using storable hypergolic chemical propellants

d) Generating thrust through nuclear thermal fission

Correct Answer: a) Using liquefied gases at extremely low temperatures (such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen) as propellants for high energy efficiency

Explanation:

Cryogenic engines use propellants stored at cryogenic (very low) temperatures, providing high specific impulse and thrust efficiency crucial for upper stages of heavy launch vehicles.

56. What is 'Tejas' in India's aviation sector?

a) An indigenous single-engine, lightweight, multi-role supersonic fighter aircraft developed by HAL

b) A heavy transport military aircraft

c) An attack helicopter deployed in high-altitude mountain warfare

d) An unmanned aerial surveillance drone

Correct Answer: a) An indigenous single-engine, lightweight, multi-role supersonic fighter aircraft developed by HAL

Explanation:

HAL Tejas is an Indian single-engine, delta-wing, light multi-role fighter designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

57. What is 'Nanotechnology' defined as?

a) The manipulation and engineering of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale, typically between 1 to 100 nanometers

b) The study of subatomic quantum particles in particle accelerators

c) The development of high-capacity data storage microchips

d) The microscopic analysis of biological cellular tissues

Correct Answer: a) The manipulation and engineering of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale, typically between 1 to 100 nanometers

Explanation:

Nanotechnology involves science and engineering at the nanoscale (1–100 nm), where materials exhibit novel physical and chemical properties due to quantum effects.

58. What is 'National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)' in India designed to achieve?

a) Empowering academic and research institutions by connecting them with a grid of high-performance supercomputing facilities

b) Replacing all personal desktop computers with cloud terminals

c) Establishing quantum computing networks across government ministries

d) Developing indigenous semiconductor fabrication fabs

Correct Answer: a) Empowering academic and research institutions by connecting them with a grid of high-performance supercomputing facilities

Explanation:

The NSM aims to build a vast supercomputing grid across India, boosting computational capabilities for scientific research, weather forecasting, and drug discovery.

59. What is 'Bioremediation'?

a) The use of living organisms—such as bacteria, fungi, or plants—to consume and break down environmental pollutants in contaminated soils and water

b) The genetic modification of agricultural crops to resist pests

c) The mechanical dredging of polluted river sludge

d) The chemical neutralization of industrial acid rain

Correct Answer: a) The use of living organisms—such as bacteria, fungi, or plants—to consume and break down environmental pollutants in contaminated soils and water

Explanation:

Bioremediation harnesses biological agents to detoxify polluted environments, converting hazardous waste compounds into harmless byproducts.

60. What is 'Hypersonic Missile' technology characterized by?

a) Travel speeds exceeding Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound) combined with high maneuverability

b) Sub-orbital ballistic trajectories crossing outer space

c) Stealth radar-evading shapes operating at subsonic speeds

d) Autonomous target acquisition using artificial intelligence drone swarms

Correct Answer: a) Travel speeds exceeding Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound) combined with high maneuverability

Explanation:

Hypersonic missiles travel at velocities greater than Mach 5 and possess atmospheric maneuverability, making traditional missile defense systems extremely difficult to intercept them.

61. What is 'Space Debris' (Space Junk)?

a) Defunct artificial satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragmented pieces orbiting Earth that pose collision risks to operational spacecraft

b) Natural meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere

c) Cosmic dust particles originating from interstellar space

d) Unused radio frequency spectrum bands assigned to deep space probes

Correct Answer: a) Defunct artificial satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragmented pieces orbiting Earth that pose collision risks to operational spacecraft

Explanation:

Space debris comprises all non-functional human-made objects in orbit around Earth, presenting growing hazards to active satellites and crewed space missions.

62. What is 'Bioinformatics'?

a) The application of computer science, mathematics, and statistics to analyze and interpret complex biological data, especially genomic sequences

b) The mechanical design of prosthetic limbs using biomaterials

c) The pharmaceutical manufacturing of synthetic vaccines

d) The ecological modeling of forest carbon sinks

Correct Answer: a) The application of computer science, mathematics, and statistics to analyze and interpret complex biological data, especially genomic sequences

Explanation:

Bioinformatics combines computational tools with biology to manage, analyze, and interpret large-scale biological datasets like DNA and protein sequences.

63. What is 'DRDO' (Defence Research and Development Organisation) primary mandate in India?

a) Designing and developing cutting-edge defense technologies, weapon systems, and military equipment for the Indian Armed Forces

b) Manufacturing commercial aircraft and civil aviation fleets

c) Regulating defense exports to foreign allied nations

d) Managing strategic nuclear weapon arsenals and launch codes

Correct Answer: a) Designing and developing cutting-edge defense technologies, weapon systems, and military equipment for the Indian Armed Forces

Explanation:

DRDO is the premier agency under the Ministry of Defence charged with R&D for empowering India's armed forces with advanced indigenous military technologies.

64. What is 'Quantum Supremacy'?

a) The milestone where a programmable quantum computer solves a problem that no classical supercomputer can solve in any feasible timeframe

b) The total encryption of global internet traffic using quantum keys

c) The physical cooling of quantum processors to absolute zero

d) The dominance of quantum physics over classical Newtonian mechanics

Correct Answer: a) The milestone where a programmable quantum computer solves a problem that no classical supercomputer can solve in any feasible timeframe

Explanation:

Quantum supremacy represents the experimental demonstration that a quantum processor can execute complex computational tasks far beyond the reach of the world's most powerful classical supercomputers.

65. What is 'Scramjet' propulsion dependent upon during flight?

a) Atmospheric oxygen taken in from the surrounding air at supersonic speeds to burn onboard fuel

b) Liquid oxygen tanks carried onboard space rockets

c) Nuclear fission heat exchangers heating compressed air

d) Battery-powered electric ion propulsion thrusters

Correct Answer: a) Atmospheric oxygen taken in from the surrounding air at supersonic speeds to burn onboard fuel

Explanation:

Unlike conventional rockets that carry heavy oxidizer tanks, scramjets ingest atmospheric air at supersonic speeds, drastically reducing vehicle weight for hypersonic flight.

66. What is 'INS Vikrant' in India's naval fleet?

a) India's first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier

b) A nuclear-powered attack submarine

c) A stealth guided-missile destroyer

d) An amphibious landing platform dock

Correct Answer: a) India's first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier

Explanation:

INS Vikrant is India's landmark first indigenous aircraft carrier, built by Cochin Shipyard, marking India's entry into an elite group of nations capable of building heavy aircraft carriers.

67. What is 'Gene Therapy' designed to correct?

a) Genetic disorders and diseases by introducing, altering, or replacing genetic material inside patient cells

b) Bacterial infections resistant to conventional antibiotics

c) Viral pandemics through broad-spectrum vaccination

d) Physiological trauma caused by physical injuries

Correct Answer: a) Genetic disorders and diseases by introducing, altering, or replacing genetic material inside patient cells

Explanation:

Gene therapy aims to treat or cure genetic diseases by targeting the root cause at the DNA level, introducing healthy genes to replace mutated ones.

68. What is 'Quantum Cryptography' (Quantum Key Distribution)?

a) A secure communication method utilizing quantum mechanics principles to guarantee absolute encryption security against eavesdropping

b) Encrypting financial cryptocurrencies on blockchain ledgers

c) Using quantum computers to crack military cipher codes

d) Transmitting data through fiber optic cables at light speed

Correct Answer: a) A secure communication method utilizing quantum mechanics principles to guarantee absolute encryption security against eavesdropping

Explanation:

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) uses quantum physics properties (like photon polarization) to generate secure cryptographic keys; any interception attempt disturbs the quantum state and alerts communicating parties.

69. What is 'Smart Grid' technology in power distribution?

a) An electricity supply network using digital automation, sensors, and two-way communication to optimize power delivery and integrate renewables

b) A nuclear power grid generating base-load electricity

c) High-voltage transmission lines connecting international power grids

d) Off-grid solar microgrids in rural villages

Correct Answer: a) An electricity supply network using digital automation, sensors, and two-way communication to optimize power delivery and integrate renewables

Explanation:

Smart grids modernize electrical grids with digital communication technology, enabling real-time monitoring, efficient load balancing, and seamless integration of renewable energy sources.

70. What is 'ISRO' (Indian Space Research Organisation) headquarters location?

a) Bengaluru, Karnataka

b) New Delhi

c) Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh

d) Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

Correct Answer: a) Bengaluru, Karnataka

Explanation:

ISRO is headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka, directing satellite development, research, and space exploration programs across its various specialized centers in India.

71. What is 'Tropospheric Aerosols' role in the Earth's climate system?

a) Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere that can scatter or absorb solar radiation, influencing climate and air quality

b) Gaseous ozone molecules protecting the stratospheric layer

c) Radioactive isotopes resulting from nuclear testing

d) Chlorofluorocarbons destroying ozone molecules

Correct Answer: a) Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere that can scatter or absorb solar radiation, influencing climate and air quality

Explanation:

Aerosols (dust, soot, sulfate particles) affect Earth's radiative balance by directly scattering and absorbing sunlight and acting as cloud condensation nuclei.

72. What is 'Nag' in India's guided missile inventory?

a) A third-generation 'fire-and-forget' anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)

b) A supersonic surface-to-air cruise missile

c) An intercontinental ballistic missile deterrent

d) A naval anti-ship torpedo weapon

Correct Answer: a) A third-generation 'fire-and-forget' anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)

Explanation:

Nag is an indigenous all-weather anti-tank guided missile developed by DRDO featuring imaging infrared guidance for pinpoint armor destruction.

73. What is 'Solid-State Battery' technology promising for electric vehicles?

a) Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid materials, offering higher energy density, faster charging, and enhanced safety against fires

b) Using nuclear isotopes to generate electricity indefinitely

c) Relying on hydrogen fuel cells for chemical propulsion

d) Employing lead-acid grids for heavy commercial transport

Correct Answer: a) Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid materials, offering higher energy density, faster charging, and enhanced safety against fires

Explanation:

Solid-state batteries use solid electrodes and solid electrolytes instead of liquid polymer gels, overcoming fire risks and providing superior energy storage capacity.

74. What is 'Chandrayaan-3' mission success marked by?

a) Successfully landing a robotic lander and rover on the unexplored South Polar region of the Moon

b) Placing a crewed space station in lunar orbit

c) Impact-testing a subsurface water ice drill

d) Returning lunar soil samples back to Earth

Correct Answer: a) Successfully landing a robotic lander and rover on the unexplored South Polar region of the Moon

Explanation:

Chandrayaan-3 made history by successfully soft-landing the Vikram lander and deploying the Pragyan rover near the lunar south pole, making India the fourth nation to achieve a soft landing.

75. What is 'Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'?

a) A hypothetical AI system that possesses the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge across any intellectual task at human parity or beyond

b) Narrow machine learning algorithms used for image recognition

c) Quantum computing processors solving mathematical equations

d) Autonomous robotics operating in automated manufacturing factories

Correct Answer: a) A hypothetical AI system that possesses the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge across any intellectual task at human parity or beyond

Explanation:

While current AI is 'narrow' (specialized in specific tasks), AGI represents artificial intelligence matching or exceeding human cognitive versatility across all domains.

76. What is 'Exoplanet' defined as in astronomy?

a) A planet that orbits a star outside our solar system

b) An asteroid wandering through interstellar space without a host star

c) A dwarf planet located in the Kuiper belt

d) A gaseous moon orbiting a gas giant planet

Correct Answer: a) A planet that orbits a star outside our solar system

Explanation:

Exoplanets are planets located beyond our solar system, orbiting other stars in the galaxy, detected through transit photometry and radial velocity methods.

77. What is 'Biopesticides' advantage over chemical pesticides in agriculture?

a) They are naturally occurring ecological pest control agents that target specific pests without leaving toxic chemical residues or harming beneficial insects

b) They eliminate all weeds instantly without manual labor

c) They stimulate rapid crop growth and grain size

d) They provide long-term immunity to plants against viral diseases

Correct Answer: a) They are naturally occurring ecological pest control agents that target specific pests without leaving toxic chemical residues or harming beneficial insects

Explanation:

Biopesticides derived from natural materials (animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals) offer targeted pest management with minimal environmental toxicity.

78. What is 'Scramjet Engine' flight regime limitation regarding speed?

a) It requires supersonic speeds (typically above Mach 4-5) to function effectively, necessitating a booster rocket to reach operational ignition velocity

b) It operates efficiently from zero takeoff velocity

c) It is restricted to subsonic commercial aviation

d) It functions only in the vacuum of outer space

Correct Answer: a) It requires supersonic speeds (typically above Mach 4-5) to function effectively, necessitating a booster rocket to reach operational ignition velocity

Explanation:

Because scramjet engines rely on the vehicle's forward speed to compress incoming air, they cannot produce static thrust and require auxiliary boosters to accelerate to supersonic ignition speeds.

79. What is 'National Biotechnology Development Strategy' aimed at fostering in India?

a) Transforming India into a global biotechnology innovation and manufacturing hub across healthcare, agriculture, and industrial biotech

b) Nationalizing all pharmaceutical research laboratories

c) Banning genetically modified research in academic institutions

d) Focusing exclusively on software IT exports

Correct Answer: a) Transforming India into a global biotechnology innovation and manufacturing hub across healthcare, agriculture, and industrial biotech

Explanation:

The national biotech strategy fosters innovation, skill development, venture funding, and infrastructure to accelerate India's bio-economy.

80. What is 'Critical Minerals' significance in emerging high-tech and green energy industries?

a) They are metallic and non-metallic elements essential for clean energy technologies, electronics, and defense systems, facing supply chain vulnerabilities

b) They are radioactive elements used exclusively in nuclear weapons

c) They are rare fossil fuels discovered in deep ocean basins

d) They are common construction materials like limestone and granite

Correct Answer: a) They are metallic and non-metallic elements essential for clean energy technologies, electronics, and defense systems, facing supply chain vulnerabilities

Explanation:

Critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements are indispensable for manufacturing electric vehicle batteries, wind turbines, and semiconductor chips.

81. What is 'Quantum Sensor' advantage over traditional sensors?

a) They exploit quantum superposition and entanglement to achieve unprecedented measurement precision and sensitivity in time, gravity, and magnetic fields

b) They operate without requiring electrical power sources

c) They are immune to physical damage in high-temperature environments

d) They transmit data wirelessly over interplanetary distances

Correct Answer: a) They exploit quantum superposition and entanglement to achieve unprecedented measurement precision and sensitivity in time, gravity, and magnetic fields

Explanation:

Quantum sensors leverage quantum mechanical states to measure physical quantities with extreme precision, revolutionizing navigation, geophysics, and medical diagnostics.

82. What is 'PSLV' (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) known for in ISRO's legacy?

a) Being ISRO's reliable workhorse rocket renowned for launching numerous domestic and international satellites into sun-synchronous and polar orbits

b) Launching crewed space capsules to the International Space Station

c) Serving as a heavy intercontinental ballistic missile

d) Carrying commercial payloads exclusively into geostationary orbit

Correct Answer: a) Being ISRO's reliable workhorse rocket renowned for launching numerous domestic and international satellites into sun-synchronous and polar orbits

Explanation:

PSLV is India's versatile, highly dependable launch vehicle credited with launching landmark missions like Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan, and numerous commercial payloads.

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Science and Technology MCQs for UPSC Exams

1. Which launch vehicle is used by ISRO for its heavy communication and deep-space missions, previously known as the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III)?

2. What is the primary objective of India's 'Aditya-L1' mission launched by ISRO?

3. What is 'CRISPR-Cas9' technology primarily used for in modern molecular biology?

4. What is the role of 'Heavy Water' (Deuterium Oxide) in a nuclear reactor?

5. Which of the following electromagnetic spectrum bands are predominantly used for standard mobile cellular communication?

6. What is the primary goal of India's human spaceflight mission named 'Gaganyaan'?

7. What distinguishes the 'LIGO-India' project currently under construction in Maharashtra?

8. What physical principle is the operation of 'Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)' based on?

9. Which component serves as the fundamental building block of quantum computing, replacing classical bits?

10. What is 'Superconductivity'?

11. Which of the following is a supersonic cruise missile jointly developed by India and Russia?

12. What is 'INS Arihant' in the context of India's strategic defense capabilities?

13. What is the primary purpose of India's 'SSLV' (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle)?

14. What does the term 'Graphene', often discussed in nanotechnology, refer to?

15. What is 'CAR-T cell therapy', a breakthrough medical advancement recently in the news?

16. Which of the following technologies is the foundation of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and secure decentralized ledgers?

17. What is the primary function of 'Internet of Things (IoT)' devices?

18. What is 'NavIC' (Navigation with Indian Constellation), developed by ISRO?

19. What is the distinguishing feature of 'Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR)' in India's three-stage nuclear power program?

20. Which institution in India is responsible for granting emergency use authorizations and approvals for new vaccines and drugs?

21. What is 'mRNA vaccine' technology, famously used during the COVID-19 pandemic?

22. What is 'Artificial Intelligence (AI) Deepfakes'?

23. Which of the following crops is the only genetically modified (GM) crop commercially approved for cultivation in India?

24. What is 'Neutrino', often studied in underground laboratories like the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)?

25. What is the primary application of 'Li-Fi' (Light Fidelity) technology?

26. What is 'Project 75 India (P-75I)' related to in the defense sector?

27. What is 'Stem Cell Therapy' characterized by?

28. What is 'NISAR' (NASA-ISRO SAR Mission)?

29. What does '5G technology' offer compared to previous 4G wireless networks?

30. What is 'Bioplastics' made from?

31. What is 'Pinaka' in the Indian defense arsenal?

32. What is 'Cloud Computing'?

33. What is the primary function of 'Scramjet Engine' technology used in hypersonic flight?

34. What is 'Quantum Entanglement'?

35. What is 'PARAM Siddhi' in the context of Indian technology?

36. What is 'Metagenomics'?

37. What is 'S-400 Triumf' acquired by India?

38. What is 'Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)' technology designed to achieve?

39. What is 'National Quantum Mission (NQM)' approved by the Indian government aimed at?

40. What is 'Phages' or 'Bacteriophages' used for in biotechnology and medicine?

41. What is 'NavIC' frequency band primarily designed to offer?

42. What is 'Agni-V' in India's ballistic missile program?

43. What is 'Synthetic Biology'?

44. What is 'Mission Shakti' conducted by India in 2019?

45. What is 'Hydrogen Fuel Cell' technology?

46. What is 'Semiconductor Fabrication (Fab)' crucial for in modern high-tech industries?

47. What is 'Deep Sea Mission' (Samudrayaan) launched by India aimed at?

48. What is 'Edge Computing' in information technology?

49. What is 'Epigenetics'?

50. What is 'James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)' primarily designed to observe?

51. What is 'Biopiracy'?

52. What is 'Astra' in India's defense systems?

53. What is 'Human Genome Project' significance?

54. What is 'Open-Source Software'?

55. What is 'Cryogenic Rocket Engine' technology characterized by?

56. What is 'Tejas' in India's aviation sector?

57. What is 'Nanotechnology' defined as?

58. What is 'National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)' in India designed to achieve?

59. What is 'Bioremediation'?

60. What is 'Hypersonic Missile' technology characterized by?

61. What is 'Space Debris' (Space Junk)?

62. What is 'Bioinformatics'?

63. What is 'DRDO' (Defence Research and Development Organisation) primary mandate in India?

64. What is 'Quantum Supremacy'?

65. What is 'Scramjet' propulsion dependent upon during flight?

66. What is 'INS Vikrant' in India's naval fleet?

67. What is 'Gene Therapy' designed to correct?

68. What is 'Quantum Cryptography' (Quantum Key Distribution)?

69. What is 'Smart Grid' technology in power distribution?

70. What is 'ISRO' (Indian Space Research Organisation) headquarters location?

71. What is 'Tropospheric Aerosols' role in the Earth's climate system?

72. What is 'Nag' in India's guided missile inventory?

73. What is 'Solid-State Battery' technology promising for electric vehicles?

74. What is 'Chandrayaan-3' mission success marked by?

75. What is 'Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'?

76. What is 'Exoplanet' defined as in astronomy?

77. What is 'Biopesticides' advantage over chemical pesticides in agriculture?

78. What is 'Scramjet Engine' flight regime limitation regarding speed?