The course of human civilization, borders, and global governance has been decisively shaped by diplomatic negotiations, peace accords, and formal treaties that ended devastating conflicts or redrew geopolitical maps. From the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the modern concept of state sovereignty, to the punishing terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles that catalyzed future global conflict, these pacts established international law, redistributed imperial territories, and formed alliances. Analyzing these agreements provides crucial insight into the balance of power, international diplomacy, and the historical roots of modern geopolitical boundaries.
1. Which treaty signed in 1494 divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire?
Correct Answer: b) Treaty of Tordesillas
Explanation:
The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) established a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, dividing the non-European world between Spain and Portugal.
2. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) is historically significant because it ended which major European conflict?
Correct Answer: c) The Thirty Years' War
Explanation:
The Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, establishing the concept of state sovereignty.
3. Which treaty officially ended World War I between the Allied Powers and Germany?
Correct Answer: a) Treaty of Versailles
Explanation:
Signed in 1919, the Treaty of Versailles formally ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.
4. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) was a series of peace treaties that helped end which European war?
Correct Answer: b) The War of the Spanish Succession
Explanation:
The Treaty of Utrecht ended the War of the Spanish Succession, preserving the balance of power in Europe by ensuring that the French and Spanish crowns would not merge.
5. Which diplomatic conference in 1815 aimed to restore the balance of power in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon?
Correct Answer: b) Congress of Vienna
Explanation:
The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, aiming to restore old boundaries and conservative monarchs.
6. Which treaty officially ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized the independence of the United States?
Correct Answer: b) Treaty of Paris (1783)
Explanation:
Signed in 1783, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the American Revolutionary War, with Great Britain recognizing the sovereignty of the United States.
7. The Treaty of Ghent, signed in 1814, brought an end to which conflict?
Correct Answer: b) The War of 1812
Explanation:
The Treaty of Ghent restored the borders of the United States and British North America to their pre-war lines, effectively ending the War of 1812.
8. Which 1842 treaty is known as the first of the 'Unequal Treaties' and ended the First Opium War?
Correct Answer: c) Treaty of Nanking
Explanation:
The Treaty of Nanking forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain, open treaty ports, and pay a massive indemnity, ending the First Opium War.
9. The Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), which earned Theodore Roosevelt a Nobel Peace Prize, ended which war?
Correct Answer: b) Russo-Japanese War
Explanation:
Brokered by US President Theodore Roosevelt, the Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the Russo-Japanese War, recognizing Japan's emergence as a major power.
10. By signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, which country exited World War I?
Correct Answer: c) Russia
Explanation:
The new Bolshevik government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, exiting WWI at the cost of massive territorial losses.
11. The Treaty of Waitangi (1840) is considered the founding document of which modern nation?
Correct Answer: b) New Zealand
Explanation:
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed between representatives of the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, establishing British sovereignty in New Zealand.
12. Which two nations signed the Camp David Accords in 1978, brokered by US President Jimmy Carter?
Correct Answer: b) Israel and Egypt
Explanation:
The Camp David Accords led to a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt in 1979, making Egypt the first Arab state to officially recognize Israel.
13. Adopted in 1997, which international treaty committed state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
Correct Answer: a) Kyoto Protocol
Explanation:
The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty extending the 1992 UNFCCC that committed state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
14. The Dayton Agreement, initialed in 1995, brought an end to which European conflict?
Correct Answer: c) The Bosnian War
Explanation:
The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, known as the Dayton Agreement, put an end to the three-and-a-half-year-long Bosnian War.
15. Which 1992 treaty formally created the European Union and established the framework for a single currency?
Correct Answer: b) Maastricht Treaty
Explanation:
The Maastricht Treaty (Treaty on European Union) created the EU and paved the way for the creation of the single European currency, the euro.
16. The Treaty of Rome (1957) established which organization?
Correct Answer: a) European Economic Community (EEC)
Explanation:
The Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC), proposing the progressive reduction of customs duties and the establishment of a customs union.
17. The Geneva Accords of 1954 temporarily divided which country along the 17th parallel?
Correct Answer: c) Vietnam
Explanation:
The Geneva Accords ended the First Indochina War and temporarily divided Vietnam into a communist North and a non-communist South at the 17th parallel.
18. At which 1945 conference did the 'Big Three' (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) discuss the post-war reorganization of Germany and Europe?
Correct Answer: c) Yalta Conference
Explanation:
Held in February 1945, the Yalta Conference focused on shaping a post-war peace and resolving the status of liberated European nations.
19. Which agreement, reached in August 1945, finalized the division of Germany into four occupation zones?
Correct Answer: a) Potsdam Agreement
Explanation:
The Potsdam Agreement formalized the division of Germany and Austria into four occupation zones (US, UK, France, USSR) after World War II.
20. Which 1938 agreement allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia?
Correct Answer: b) The Munich Agreement
Explanation:
The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitted by Britain and France that allowed Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia, epitomizing the policy of appeasement.
21. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939) was a non-aggression treaty between which two countries?
Correct Answer: b) Germany and the Soviet Union
Explanation:
This secret pact pledged non-aggression between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, and covertly divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence.
22. SALT I, signed in 1972, was a treaty between the US and USSR aimed at doing what?
Correct Answer: a) Limiting strategic nuclear weapons
Explanation:
The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) resulted in the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement limiting the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers.
23. Which 1968 international treaty aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology?
Correct Answer: c) Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Explanation:
The NPT aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and further the goal of disarmament.
24. The Helsinki Accords (1975) were a major diplomatic milestone because they:
Correct Answer: b) Recognized post-WWII European borders and promoted human rights
Explanation:
The Helsinki Accords helped reduce Cold War tensions (detente) by recognizing existing borders in Europe while committing signatories to respect human rights.
25. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed in 1994, created a trilateral trade bloc between the US, Canada, and:
Correct Answer: b) Mexico
Explanation:
NAFTA eliminated most tariffs on products traded among the United States, Mexico, and Canada.
26. The Washington Treaty of 1949 established which international military alliance?
Correct Answer: c) NATO
Explanation:
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established in 1949 to provide collective security against the threat posed by the Soviet Union.
27. In response to West Germany joining NATO, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states signed which treaty in 1955?
Correct Answer: c) The Warsaw Pact
Explanation:
The Warsaw Pact was a collective defense treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe.
28. The Locarno Treaties of 1925 were significant because they:
Correct Answer: b) Guaranteed Germany's western borders with France and Belgium
Explanation:
The Locarno Treaties normalized relations with post-WWI Germany by mutually guaranteeing peace in Western Europe and Germany's western borders.
29. Which 1928 international agreement famously attempted to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy?
Correct Answer: a) Kellogg-Briand Pact
Explanation:
The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve disputes or conflicts.
30. The Lateran Treaty of 1929 recognized the full sovereignty of which independent state?
Correct Answer: b) Vatican City
Explanation:
Signed between Italy (under Mussolini) and the Holy See, the Lateran Treaty resolved the 'Roman Question' by establishing Vatican City as a sovereign state.
31. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ended the Mexican-American War and resulted in Mexico ceding territory that included which modern-day US state?
Correct Answer: b) California
Explanation:
Under the treaty, Mexico ceded a vast amount of territory to the US, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of four other states.
32. Which 1854 treaty ended Japan's policy of national seclusion by opening ports to American vessels?
Correct Answer: b) Convention of Kanagawa
Explanation:
Brokered by US Commodore Matthew Perry, the Convention of Kanagawa opened the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to US trade and ships.
33. The Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) ended which conflict?
Correct Answer: a) First Sino-Japanese War
Explanation:
The treaty ended the First Sino-Japanese War, with Qing China recognizing the independence of Korea and ceding Taiwan to Japan.
34. Which 1699 treaty marked the end of Ottoman control in much of Central Europe and the beginning of the empire's decline?
Correct Answer: b) Treaty of Karlowitz
Explanation:
The Treaty of Karlowitz ended the Great Turkish War, forcing the Ottoman Empire to cede most of Hungary, Transylvania, and Slavonia to the Habsburgs.
35. The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774) ended a war between the Ottoman Empire and which country?
Correct Answer: c) Russian Empire
Explanation:
It ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, granting Russia territorial gains and a strategic foothold on the Black Sea.
36. The Treaty of San Stefano (1878) created a large independent state of which nation, alarming other European powers?
Correct Answer: b) Bulgaria
Explanation:
The treaty established an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria, which was seen as a Russian client state, prompting the Congress of Berlin to revise it.
37. Which treaty replaced the Treaty of San Stefano later in 1878 to maintain the balance of power in the Balkans?
Correct Answer: c) Treaty of Berlin
Explanation:
The Treaty of Berlin significantly reduced the size of Bulgaria created by the Treaty of San Stefano, to prevent Russian dominance in the Balkans.
38. The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) was intended to partition which defeated World War I empire?
Correct Answer: c) Ottoman Empire
Explanation:
The Treaty of Sèvres severely partitioned the Ottoman Empire. However, it was rejected by the Turkish national movement, leading to the Turkish War of Independence.
39. Which 1923 treaty established the borders of the modern Republic of Turkey, superseding the Treaty of Sèvres?
Correct Answer: a) Treaty of Lausanne
Explanation:
Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Treaty of Lausanne recognized the boundaries of modern Turkey and nullified the partition plans of Sèvres.
40. The Bretton Woods Agreement (1944) led to the creation of which two major international financial institutions?
Correct Answer: b) The IMF and the World Bank
Explanation:
The conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now part of the World Bank).
41. Which 1985 agreement led to the abolition of systematic border controls between participating European countries?
Correct Answer: a) Schengen Agreement
Explanation:
The Schengen Agreement paved the way for the creation of the Schengen Area, operating very much like a single state for international travel purposes with no internal border controls.
42. The Good Friday Agreement (1998) was a major milestone in ending political violence in which region?
Correct Answer: c) Northern Ireland
Explanation:
Also known as the Belfast Agreement, it brought an end to most of the violence of the Troubles, establishing a devolved government in Northern Ireland.
43. The Oslo Accords (1993) marked the first direct face-to-face agreement between Israel and which organization?
Correct Answer: d) Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Explanation:
The Oslo I Accord created the Palestinian Authority and marked mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO.
44. Which 1959 treaty established that a specific continent shall be used for peaceful purposes only and banned military activity there?
Correct Answer: c) Antarctic Treaty
Explanation:
The Antarctic Treaty sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation, and bans military activity on the continent.
45. The Outer Space Treaty (1967) prohibits nations from doing what?
Correct Answer: a) Placing weapons of mass destruction in Earth orbit
Explanation:
The treaty forms the basis of international space law, specifically banning the stationing of WMDs in outer space or on celestial bodies.
46. The Treaty of Zaragoza (1529) resolved a dispute between Spain and Portugal over which valuable islands?
Correct Answer: b) The Maluku Islands (Spice Islands)
Explanation:
The treaty specified the anti-meridian to the line established in the Treaty of Tordesillas, resolving the 'Moluccas issue' by placing the Spice Islands in the Portuguese hemisphere.
47. Which 1479 treaty ended the War of the Castilian Succession and recognized Isabella I as Queen of Castile?
Correct Answer: a) Treaty of Alcáçovas
Explanation:
The Treaty of Alcáçovas settled the succession dispute in Castile and divided the Atlantic Ocean between Spain and Portugal for overseas exploration.
48. The Treaty of Troyes (1420) was an agreement that King Henry V of England would inherit the throne of which country?
Correct Answer: c) France
Explanation:
Following his victory at Agincourt, Henry V forced the French king Charles VI to name him his heir, though Henry died before he could inherit.
49. The Treaty of Windsor (1386) is famous for establishing the oldest continuous diplomatic alliance in the world, between England and:
Correct Answer: b) Portugal
Explanation:
The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, ratified at the Treaty of Windsor, remains the oldest active diplomatic alliance in the world.
50. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) established the principle of 'cuius regio, eius religio', which meant:
Correct Answer: b) The religion of the ruler dictated the religion of the ruled
Explanation:
The treaty ended the religious struggle between Catholics and Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire, allowing princes to choose the religion for their realms.
51. The Edict of Nantes (1598) granted substantial religious, civil, and political rights to which group in France?
Correct Answer: c) Huguenots (Calvinist Protestants)
Explanation:
Promulgated by Henry IV, the edict ended the French Wars of Religion by granting the Protestant Huguenots significant rights in a primarily Catholic nation.
52. The Treaty of Purandar (1665) was signed between the Maratha ruler Shivaji and which Mughal commander?
Correct Answer: c) Jai Singh I
Explanation:
Shivaji was forced to sign the treaty with Jai Singh I, commander of the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb, surrendering several forts.
53. Following the Battle of Buxar, the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) granted the British East India Company the Diwani rights (tax collection) in which regions?
Correct Answer: b) Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha
Explanation:
The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II granted the EIC the right to collect taxes in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, establishing British political rule in India.
54. Which treaty ended the First Anglo-Maratha War in 1782?
Correct Answer: b) Treaty of Salbai
Explanation:
The Treaty of Salbai settled the First Anglo-Maratha War, establishing a 20-year period of peace between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company.
55. The Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War and forced which ruler to cede half his territory?
Correct Answer: b) Tipu Sultan
Explanation:
Tipu Sultan was forced to cede half of the Kingdom of Mysore to the British and their allies and pay a massive indemnity.
56. The Treaty of Bassein (1802) was a pact between the British East India Company and which Maratha Peshwa?
Correct Answer: c) Baji Rao II
Explanation:
Baji Rao II signed the treaty after the Battle of Poona, accepting the Subsidiary Alliance system, which sparked the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
57. The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) established the River Sutlej as the boundary between the British territories and the empire of which ruler?
Correct Answer: b) Ranjit Singh
Explanation:
The treaty between the British EIC and Maharaja Ranjit Singh defined the Sutlej River as the border, allowing Ranjit Singh to expand north and west.
58. Which treaty ended the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846?
Correct Answer: c) Treaty of Lahore
Explanation:
The Treaty of Lahore punished the Sikh Empire by forcing it to cede the Jullundur Doab and pay a large indemnity to the British.
59. The Treaty of Yandabo (1826) marked the end of the First Anglo-Burmese War and resulted in the British annexing:
Correct Answer: a) Assam, Manipur, and Arakan
Explanation:
The treaty forced the Burmese to cede Assam, Manipur, Arakan, and Tenasserim to the British, marking the beginning of British rule in Northeast India.
60. The Treaty of Sagauli (1816) defined the territorial boundaries of which modern-day nation with British India?
Correct Answer: b) Nepal
Explanation:
The treaty ended the Anglo-Nepalese War, forcing Nepal to cede territory and establishing its modern borders.
61. The Treaty of Gandamak (1879) effectively made which nation a British protectorate by granting Britain control over its foreign affairs?
Correct Answer: c) Afghanistan
Explanation:
Ending the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the treaty gave the British control over Afghan foreign policy.
62. The Tashkent Declaration (1966) was a peace agreement that resolved which conflict?
Correct Answer: b) Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Explanation:
Brokered by the Soviet Union in Tashkent, the declaration restored the pre-war border positions between India and Pakistan.
63. Which agreement was signed between India and Pakistan following the 1971 war that led to the creation of Bangladesh?
Correct Answer: d) Shimla Agreement
Explanation:
The 1972 Shimla Agreement laid down the principles for peaceful bilateral relations and converted the ceasefire line in Kashmir into the Line of Control (LoC).
64. The Indus Waters Treaty (1960) between India and Pakistan was brokered by which international organization?
Correct Answer: b) World Bank
Explanation:
The World Bank (then the IBRD) brokered this long-standing water-sharing treaty, allocating the western rivers to Pakistan and the eastern rivers to India.
65. The Panchsheel Agreement (1954), outlining Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, was signed between India and which country?
Correct Answer: c) China
Explanation:
The agreement between India and China established principles like mutual respect for territorial integrity, though relations deteriorated leading to the 1962 war.
66. The Lucknow Pact (1916) was a joint agreement between the Indian National Congress and:
Correct Answer: b) The All India Muslim League
Explanation:
The pact established an alliance between the INC and the Muslim League to pressure the British for self-government, conceding separate electorates to Muslims.
67. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 resulted in the suspension of which Indian independence movement?
Correct Answer: c) Civil Disobedience Movement
Explanation:
Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and attend the Second Round Table Conference in exchange for the release of political prisoners.
68. The Poona Pact (1932) was an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and which other prominent Indian leader regarding separate electorates?
Correct Answer: c) B. R. Ambedkar
Explanation:
The pact abandoned separate electorates for the 'Depressed Classes' in favor of reserved seats within the general Hindu electorate.
69. The Liaquat-Nehru Pact (1950) was a bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan addressing the rights of:
Correct Answer: b) Religious minorities in both countries
Explanation:
The Delhi Pact was signed to guarantee the rights of minorities in both countries and to avert another war following massive refugee crises.
70. The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord of 1987 aimed to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War and led to the deployment of the:
Correct Answer: a) Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)
Explanation:
Signed by Rajiv Gandhi and J.R. Jayewardene, the accord deployed the IPKF to disarm Tamil militant groups, leading to a prolonged conflict.
71. Which treaty ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1784?
Correct Answer: b) Treaty of Mangalore
Explanation:
Signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company, the treaty restored conquered territories to the status quo ante bellum.
72. The Treaty of Madras (1769) concluded the First Anglo-Mysore War and was dictated by:
Correct Answer: b) Hyder Ali
Explanation:
Hyder Ali successfully forced the British to accept the treaty, which included a mutual defense clause.
73. The Treaty of Surat (1775) was signed between the British East India Company and which Maratha leader, triggering the First Anglo-Maratha War?
Correct Answer: c) Raghunathrao
Explanation:
Raghunathrao ceded Salsette and Bassein to the British in exchange for their help in securing the Peshwa's throne, starting the war.
74. The Treaty of Wadgaon (1779) was an embarrassing agreement for the British, forcing them to return all territories acquired since 1773 to which power?
Correct Answer: a) The Maratha Empire
Explanation:
After being surrounded by Maratha forces at Wadgaon, the British were forced to surrender and sign this humiliating treaty.
75. Which treaty marked the end of the Second Anglo-Maratha War between the Holkars and the British?
Correct Answer: a) Treaty of Rajpurghat
Explanation:
Signed in 1805, the Treaty of Rajpurghat ended the conflict with Yashwantrao Holkar, restoring most of his territories.
76. The Treaty of Gwalior (1817) forced which Maratha chief to aid the British against the Pindaris?
Correct Answer: c) Scindia
Explanation:
Daulat Rao Scindia was forced to sign this treaty, securing his neutrality in the Third Anglo-Maratha War and aiding the campaign against the Pindari raiders.
77. Which treaty ended the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818 for the Holkars?
Correct Answer: a) Treaty of Mandsaur
Explanation:
After their defeat at Mahidpur, the Holkars signed the Treaty of Mandsaur, becoming a British dependency and losing significant territory.
78. The Treaty of Titulia (1817) established British influence over which Himalayan kingdom?
Correct Answer: c) Sikkim
Explanation:
The treaty restored land to the Chogyal of Sikkim that had been annexed by Nepal, bringing Sikkim under British protection.
79. The Treaty of Punakha (1910) modified a previous treaty to place which nation's foreign relations under the guidance of the British Indian government?
Correct Answer: a) Bhutan
Explanation:
The treaty ensured that Bhutan's internal affairs remained autonomous, but its foreign relations were to be guided by the British.
80. In 1947, princely states joining the Dominion of India or Pakistan signed which legal document?
Correct Answer: c) Instrument of Accession
Explanation:
The Instrument of Accession was the legal document executed by the rulers of the princely states, agreeing to join either India or Pakistan.
81. The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 resulted in the United States acquiring which territory from Spain?
Correct Answer: c) Florida
Explanation:
The treaty settled border disputes between the US and Spain, ceding Florida to the United States.
82. The Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) effectively demilitarized which region between the US and British North America?
Correct Answer: b) The Great Lakes
Explanation:
Following the War of 1812, the treaty severely limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain.
83. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) gave the United States the right to build and manage a canal in which region?
Correct Answer: c) Panama
Explanation:
The treaty with Great Britain nullified an earlier agreement, giving the US exclusive rights to construct and control a canal across the Central American isthmus.
84. The Treaty of Paris (1898) ended the Spanish-American War, resulting in Spain ceding all the following territories to the US EXCEPT:
Correct Answer: c) Cuba
Explanation:
Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba (which became an independent republic, albeit under US influence), while ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines directly to the US.
85. Which 2007 treaty amended the constitutional basis of the European Union after a proposed EU constitution failed?
Correct Answer: b) Treaty of Lisbon
Explanation:
The Treaty of Lisbon reformed the EU's structure, creating a full-time President of the European Council and enhancing the powers of the European Parliament.
86. The Treaty of Amsterdam, signed in 1997, aimed to:
Correct Answer: b) Incorporate the Schengen agreements into EU law
Explanation:
The treaty substantially amended the Maastricht Treaty, absorbing the Schengen Convention and emphasizing citizenship and justice in the EU.
87. The New START treaty (2010) was a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and which other country?
Correct Answer: c) Russia
Explanation:
Signed by Barack Obama and Dmitry Medvedev, the treaty halved the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers deployed by both nations.
88. The 2015 Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty primarily focused on:
Correct Answer: b) Climate change mitigation
Explanation:
The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.
89. The CFE Treaty, signed in 1990, established comprehensive limits on key categories of what in Europe?
Correct Answer: a) Conventional armed forces
Explanation:
The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe limited conventional military equipment in Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals.
90. The INF Treaty (1987), signed by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, eliminated an entire class of which weapons?
Correct Answer: b) Intermediate-range and shorter-range nuclear missiles
Explanation:
The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty banned all land-based ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers.
91. The ABM Treaty (1972) placed limits on systems designed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles. Which country unilaterally withdrew from it in 2002?
Correct Answer: c) United States
Explanation:
The US under George W. Bush withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty to pursue a national missile defense system.
92. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) of 1996 aims to ban all nuclear explosions. Why is it not yet legally in force?
Correct Answer: b) Key nuclear-capable nations have not ratified it
Explanation:
The CTBT requires ratification by 44 specific nuclear-technology holder countries (Annex 2). Several, including the US, China, and India, have not ratified it.
93. The Chemical Weapons Convention (1993) is an arms control treaty that outlaws the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons, monitored by which organization?
Correct Answer: c) OPCW
Explanation:
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is the implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention.
94. The Treaties of Tilsit (1807) were signed by Napoleon I and which Russian Tsar, forming a brief alliance?
Correct Answer: b) Alexander I
Explanation:
Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I signed the treaties on a raft in the Neman River, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition and secretly dividing Europe between them.
95. The Treaty of Amiens (1802) is noted for achieving what temporary milestone?
Correct Answer: a) A brief peace between Britain and Napoleonic France
Explanation:
The Treaty of Amiens temporarily halted hostilities between the French Republic and the United Kingdom during the French Revolutionary Wars.
96. The Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) ended the Franco-Prussian War and forced France to cede which territory to Germany?
Correct Answer: c) Alsace-Lorraine
Explanation:
The loss of the industrially rich Alsace-Lorraine fueled French revanchism, a major underlying cause of World War I.
97. The Treaty of Prague (1866) ended the Austro-Prussian War and resulted in the dissolution of which political entity?
Correct Answer: b) The German Confederation
Explanation:
Prussia's victory excluded Austria from German affairs, dissolved the German Confederation, and paved the way for the North German Confederation under Prussian leadership.
98. The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII that accomplished what?
Correct Answer: b) Restored the Catholic Church as the majority religion of France
Explanation:
The Concordat healed the religious division caused by the French Revolution, returning civil status to the Catholic Church but keeping it under state regulation.
99. The Treaty of Trianon (1920) was a post-WWI agreement that severely partitioned which defeated nation?
Correct Answer: d) Hungary
Explanation:
The treaty established the borders of independent Hungary, resulting in the loss of roughly two-thirds of its former territory and population.
100. Which 1919 treaty formally dissolved the Austro-Hungarian Empire and established the borders of the First Austrian Republic?
Correct Answer: a) Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Explanation:
The treaty forced Austria to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and Yugoslavia, and forbade Austria from uniting with Germany.
