The history of English literature spans over a millennium of rich artistic evolution, tracking cultural, political, and philosophical shifts through poetry, drama, and prose. Beginning with the heroic epic poetry of the Old English period (such as Beowulf) and transitioning through the Middle English mastery of Geoffrey Chaucer, it reached groundbreaking heights during the Renaissance under William Shakespeare and John Milton. Subsequent literary movements including the neoclassical order, romantic emotionalism, Victorian social critique, and 20th-century modernism reflect changing human perspectives across centuries. Mastering this expansive historical timeline is essential for academic examinations in English literature, competitive civil services tests, and humanities scholarship.
1. Which epic poem is widely considered the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and features the heroic defeat of Grendel?
Correct Answer: b) Beowulf
Explanation:
Beowulf is an anonymous Old English epic poem composed between the 8th and 11th centuries, detailing the heroic exploits of the Geatish hero Beowulf.
2. Who is traditionally known as the 'Father of English Poetry' and authored 'The Canterbury Tales'?
Correct Answer: b) Geoffrey Chaucer
Explanation:
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote 'The Canterbury Tales' in Middle English during the late 14th century, establishing vernacular English as a legitimate vehicle for high literary art.
3. Which 15th-century compilation of Arthurian legends was printed by William Caxton in 1485 under the title 'Le Morte d'Arthur'?
Correct Answer: b) Sir Thomas Malory
Explanation:
Sir Thomas Malory compiled and adapted various French and English Arthurian romances while imprisoned, published by William Caxton as 'Le Morte d'Arthur'.
4. During which historical and literary epoch did William Shakespeare write the majority of his plays and sonnets?
Correct Answer: b) The Elizabethan and Jacobean (Renaissance) Era
Explanation:
Shakespeare flourished during the late 16th and early 17th centuries under Elizabeth I and James I, defining the English Renaissance.
5. Which English metaphysical poet and Dean of St Paul's wrote 'Death Be Not Proud' and 'The Flea'?
Correct Answer: a) John Donne
Explanation:
John Donne was the leading figure of the metaphysical poets, renowned for complex conceits, paradoxes, and intense explorations of love and mortality.
6. Who authored the epic masterpiece 'Paradise Lost' (1667), defending 'the ways of God to men'?
Correct Answer: b) John Milton
Explanation:
John Milton composed 'Paradise Lost' in blank verse while completely blind, chronicling the fall of man and Satan's rebellion.
7. Which literary period in English history, beginning in 1660 with the return of the monarchy, is famous for the reopening of theatres and the rise of witty Restoration comedies?
Correct Answer: b) The Restoration
Explanation:
The Restoration marked the return of Charles II to the English throne, sparking a vibrant era of satirical drama and secular literature.
8. Who wrote 'Robinson Crusoe' (1719), often cited as one of the earliest and most influential English novels?
Correct Answer: b) Daniel Defoe
Explanation:
Daniel Defoe published 'Robinson Crusoe' in 1719, blending realism, adventure, and colonialist themes in prose fiction.
9. Which 18th-century Irish satirist wrote 'Gulliver's Travels' (1726) and 'A Modest Proposal'?
Correct Answer: b) Jonathan Swift
Explanation:
Jonathan Swift was a master satirist who used biting irony to expose human folly, political corruption, and British oppression in Ireland.
10. Who was the preeminent poet of the Augustan Age, famous for his heroic couplets and satirical poem 'The Rape of the Lock'?
Correct Answer: b) Alexander Pope
Explanation:
Alexander Pope was the master of neoclassical verse and satire, translating Homer and refining the heroic couplet.
11. Which author compiled the monumental 'A Dictionary of the English Language' published in 1755?
Correct Answer: b) Samuel Johnson
Explanation:
Dr. Samuel Johnson's dictionary single-handedly set lexicographical standards in English literature for over a century.
12. Which 18th-century novelist pioneered the epistolary novel format with works like 'Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded' (1740)?
Correct Answer: b) Samuel Richardson
Explanation:
Samuel Richardson popularized epistolary fiction (novels written as a series of letters) exploring moral virtue and psychology.
13. Which Gothic novel published by Mary Shelley in 1818 is considered a foundational masterpiece of science fiction and romantic horror?
Correct Answer: b) Frankenstein
Explanation:
Mary Shelley wrote 'Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus' at age 18, exploring hubris, creation, and alienation.
14. Who co-authored 'Lyrical Ballads' (1798) with William Wordsworth, officially launching the Romantic movement in English poetry?
Correct Answer: b) Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Explanation:
Wordsworth and Coleridge's 'Lyrical Ballads' rejected neoclassical poetic diction in favor of everyday language and nature.
15. Which Romantic poet wrote 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' and 'Kubla Khan'?
Correct Answer: b) Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Explanation:
Coleridge was renowned for supernatural imagery, visionary poetry, and brilliant literary criticism.
16. Which beloved English novelist wrote 'Pride and Prejudice', 'Sense and Sensibility', and 'Emma' during the Regency era?
Correct Answer: b) Jane Austen
Explanation:
Jane Austen's novels brilliantly combined ironic social critique, romance, and moral realism among the English landed gentry.
17. Which second-generation Romantic poet drowned off the coast of Italy at age 29, leaving behind lyrical masterpieces like 'Ode to the West Wind'?
Correct Answer: b) Percy Bysshe Shelley
Explanation:
Percy Bysshe Shelley was a radical political idealist and visionary Romantic poet married to Mary Shelley.
18. Which Romantic poet tragically died of tuberculosis in Rome at age 25, having composed immortal odes such as 'Ode on a Grecian Urn'?
Correct Answer: b) John Keats
Explanation:
John Keats is celebrated for lush sensuous imagery and profound meditations on beauty, art, and mortality.
19. Who created the legendary Byronic hero archetype in narrative poems such as 'Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'?
Correct Answer: b) Lord Byron (George Gordon Byron)
Explanation:
Lord Byron embodied the flamboyant, moody, rebellious, and brooding 'Byronic hero' that captivated European Romanticism.
20. Which Scottish author single-handedly popularized the historical novel genre with masterpieces like 'Waverley' (1814) and 'Ivanhoe'?
Correct Answer: b) Sir Walter Scott
Explanation:
Sir Walter Scott's historical novels romanticized Scottish history and shaped European historical consciousness.
21. Which Victorian novelist wrote 'Great Expectations', 'David Copperfield', and 'A Tale of Two Cities', exposing industrial social ills?
Correct Answer: b) Charles Dickens
Explanation:
Charles Dickens was the most popular Victorian novelist, celebrated for unforgettable characters and biting social satire.
22. Who wrote 'Jane Eyre' (1847) under the male pseudonym Currer Bell?
Correct Answer: b) Charlotte Brontë
Explanation:
Charlotte Brontë's 'Jane Eyre' combined Gothic romance with proto-feminist self-assertion and moral integrity.
23. Which sister of Charlotte Brontë wrote the stormy, passionate masterpiece 'Wuthering Heights' (1847) under the pseudonym Ellis Bell?
Correct Answer: b) Emily Brontë
Explanation:
Emily Brontë wrote 'Wuthering Heights', a structurally innovative, passionate exploration of love, revenge, and Yorkshire moors.
24. What was the real name of the Victorian novelist who wrote 'Middlemarch' (1871) and 'Silas Marner' under a male pen name?
Correct Answer: a) Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot)
Explanation:
Mary Ann Evans adopted the male pen name George Eliot to ensure her serious psychological realism was taken seriously.
25. Which Victorian poet laureate wrote 'In Memoriam A.H.H.', 'The Charge of the Light Brigade', and 'Idylls of the King'?
Correct Answer: b) Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Explanation:
Tennyson was the defining poetic voice of the Victorian era, capturing its anxieties regarding science, religion, and empire.
26. Who was the master of the Victorian dramatic monologue, writing poems such as 'My Last Duchess' and 'Porphyria's Lover'?
Correct Answer: b) Robert Browning
Explanation:
Robert Browning revolutionized psychological poetry through the dramatic monologue, revealing complex inner motives of speakers.
27. Which Victorian novelist and poet set his tragic novels (such as 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles' and 'Jude the Obscure') in the fictional region of Wessex?
Correct Answer: b) Thomas Hardy
Explanation:
Thomas Hardy bridged Victorian realism and 20th-century pessimism, focusing on fate, nature, and social hypocrisy.
28. Who wrote 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' (1890) and the sparkling drawing-room comedy 'The Importance of Being Earnest'?
Correct Answer: b) Oscar Wilde
Explanation:
Oscar Wilde was the leading figure of English aestheticism, celebrated for epigrams, wit, and Decadent literature.
29. Which Irish playwright wrote 'Pygmalion', 'Man and Superman', and major works of social critique during the Edwardian era?
Correct Answer: b) George Bernard Shaw
Explanation:
George Bernard Shaw was a master dramatist and socialist polemicist awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925.
30. Which pioneering modernist novelist wrote 'Mrs. Dalloway' (1925) and 'To the Lighthouse' (1927), employing stream-of-consciousness techniques?
Correct Answer: b) Virginia Woolf
Explanation:
Virginia Woolf was a central pillar of the Bloomsbury Group and modernist fiction, revolutionizing narrative time and inner consciousness.
31. Who authored the monumental modernist novel 'Ulysses' (1922), chronicling a single day in Dublin through Leopold Bloom?
Correct Answer: b) James Joyce
Explanation:
James Joyce pushed English prose to its absolute limits through stream of consciousness, mythic parallelism, and linguistic experimentation.
32. Which Anglo-American modernist poet wrote 'The Waste Land' (1922) and 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock'?
Correct Answer: b) T.S. Eliot
Explanation:
T.S. Eliot defined high modernist poetry through cultural fragmentation, allusion, and impersonality in art.
33. Who wrote the dystopian masterpiece 'Brave New World' (1932), critiquing technological consumerism and state conditioning?
Correct Answer: b) Aldous Huxley
Explanation:
Aldous Huxley envisioned a scientifically managed future society pacified by pleasure, drugs (soma), and engineered castes.
34. Which Irish absurdist playwright wrote 'Waiting for Godot' (1952), a cornerstone of Theatre of the Absurd?
Correct Answer: b) Samuel Beckett
Explanation:
Samuel Beckett stripped drama down to existential waiting and linguistic impasse, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969.
35. Who wrote the post-colonial novel 'Things Fall Apart' (1958), responding to European depictions of African society?
Correct Answer: b) Chinua Achebe
Explanation:
Chinua Achebe's 'Things Fall Apart' chronicled the impact of British colonialism on Igbo society in Nigeria.
36. Which post-colonial British-Indian author wrote 'Midnight's Children' (1981), winning the Booker Prize?
Correct Answer: b) Salman Rushdie
Explanation:
Salman Rushdie blended magical realism with Indian political history, redefining contemporary postmodern English literature.
37. Which Japanese-born British novelist wrote 'The Remains of the Day' and 'Never Let Me Go', winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2017?
Correct Answer: b) Kazuo Ishiguro
Explanation:
Kazuo Ishiguro is celebrated for delicate, elegiac novels exploring memory, duty, and repressed trauma.
38. Who wrote 'Frankenstein'?
Correct Answer: b) Mary Shelley
Explanation:
Mary Shelley authored Frankenstein in 1818 during the famous ghost-story competition at the Villa Diodati.
39. Which 14th-century Italian poet heavily influenced English Renaissance writers like Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakespeare with his sonnets?
Correct Answer: b) Petrarch
Explanation:
Petrarch popularized the 14-line sonnet form, establishing conventions of courtly love and unrequited passion adopted across Europe.
40. Who wrote the Elizabethan epic poem 'The Faerie Queene' dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I?
Correct Answer: b) Edmund Spenser
Explanation:
Edmund Spenser composed 'The Faerie Queene' in distinctive Spenserian stanzas to praise Elizabeth I and celebrate Protestant virtue.
41. Which Jacobean playwright wrote the dark revenge tragedy 'The Duchess of Malfi'?
Correct Answer: b) John Webster
Explanation:
John Webster was a major Jacobean dramatist renowned for intense psychological horror and poetic brilliance in revenge tragedies.
42. Who wrote the brilliant Restoration comedy 'The Country Wife' (1675)?
Correct Answer: b) William Wycherley
Explanation:
William Wycherley's 'The Country Wife' is a masterpiece of Restoration satire, lampooning sexual hypocrisy and urban manners.
43. Which 18th-century English artist and satirical engraver created moral serial prints such as 'A Rake's Progress' and 'Gin Lane'?
Correct Answer: b) William Hogarth
Explanation:
William Hogarth pioneered sequential visual satire, exposing corruption, vice, and social decay in 18th-century London.
44. Who wrote the Gothic novel 'The Mysteries of Udolpho' (1794), which is famously referenced in Jane Austen's 'Northanger Abbey'?
Correct Answer: b) Ann Radcliffe
Explanation:
Ann Radcliffe was the queen of the Radcliffean Gothic novel, featuring picturesque landscapes and explained supernatural phenomena.
45. Which Romantic essayist wrote 'Essays of Elia' and was a master of the informal personal essay?
Correct Answer: b) Charles Lamb
Explanation:
Charles Lamb wrote witty, nostalgic, and poignant essays under the pen name Elia during the Romantic era.
46. Who wrote 'Confessions of an English Opium-Eater' (1821)?
Correct Answer: b) Thomas De Quincey
Explanation:
Thomas De Quincey pioneered autobiographical addiction literature, describing the sublime and terrifying visions induced by laudanum.
47. Which Victorian art critic and social thinker wrote 'The Stones of Venice' and championed the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood?
Correct Answer: b) John Ruskin
Explanation:
John Ruskin was the premier Victorian arbiter of art, architecture, and social justice, advocating for labor dignity.
48. Who wrote the multi-part philosophical novel 'Marius the Epicurean' and founded Victorian aestheticism ('art for art's sake')?
Correct Answer: b) Walter Pater
Explanation:
Walter Pater's aesthetic criticism urged readers to burn with a 'hard, gem-like flame' of intense aesthetic experience.
49. Which Edwardian novelist wrote 'Howards End' and 'A Passage to India', exploring cross-cultural misunderstandings and personal connections?
Correct Answer: b) E.M. Forster
Explanation:
E.M. Forster was celebrated for delicate social comedy and profound explorations of imperialism and human connection ('Only connect').
50. Who wrote the dystopian classic 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' (1949)?
Correct Answer: b) George Orwell
Explanation:
George Orwell published 1984 near the end of his life, warning against totalitarian surveillance, newspeak, and doublethink.
51. Which Nobel Prize-winning author wrote 'Lord of the Flies' (1954), exploring the innate savagery beneath civilization?
Correct Answer: b) William Golding
Explanation:
William Golding's allegorical novel examines stranded schoolboys descending into tribal brutality and chaos.
52. Who wrote the historical postmodern novel 'Possession' (1990), winning the Booker Prize?
Correct Answer: b) A.S. Byatt
Explanation:
A.S. Byatt's 'Possession' brilliantly parodies Victorian literary biography and academic research through a dual romance.
53. Which contemporary British novelist wrote 'Atonement' (2001) and 'Saturday'?
Correct Answer: b) Ian McEwan
Explanation:
Ian McEwan is a leading contemporary British author known for psychological precision, moral dilemmas, and historical scope.
54. Who wrote the vibrant multicultural debut novel 'White Teeth' (2000)?
Correct Answer: b) Zadie Smith
Explanation:
Zadie Smith burst onto the literary scene with 'White Teeth', exploring immigration, multiculturalism, and identity in modern London.
55. Which 17th-century religious allegory by John Bunyan tells of Christian's journey from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City?
Correct Answer: b) The Pilgrim's Progress
Explanation:
John Bunyan's 'The Pilgrim's Progress' (1678) became one of the most widely read and influential religious allegories in English history.
56. Who wrote the landmark 18th-century satirical novel 'Tom Jones' (1749)?
Correct Answer: b) Henry Fielding
Explanation:
Henry Fielding pioneered the comic epic in prose with 'Tom Jones', celebrated for intricate plotting and moral realism.
57. Which Romantic visionary artist and poet wrote and illuminated 'Songs of Innocence and of Experience'?
Correct Answer: b) William Blake
Explanation:
William Blake created visionary illuminated printing combining mystical poetry with striking engravings exploring innocence and state experience.
58. Who wrote the brilliant Victorian nonsense poetry 'Jabberwocky' and 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'?
Correct Answer: b) Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)
Explanation:
Lewis Carroll combined mathematical logic, linguistic wordplay, and surreal fantasy in his Alice books.
59. Which Scottish novelist and poet wrote the classic adventure novels 'Treasure Island' and 'Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde'?
Correct Answer: b) Robert Louis Stevenson
Explanation:
Robert Louis Stevenson was a master of late-Victorian adventure fiction and psychological duality.
60. Who created the immortal fictional detective Sherlock Holmes?
Correct Answer: b) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Explanation:
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle popularized detective fiction through Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.
61. Which early science fiction pioneer wrote 'The Time Machine', 'The War of the Worlds', and 'The Invisible Man'?
Correct Answer: b) H.G. Wells
Explanation:
H.G. Wells helped define science fiction, exploring evolutionary futures, alien invasions, and social critique.
62. Who wrote the landmark modernist novel 'To the Lighthouse' (1927)?
Correct Answer: b) Virginia Woolf
Explanation:
Virginia Woolf's 'To the Lighthouse' is a masterwork of elegy, memory, and modernist interior monologue.
63. Which Irish poet and playwright co-founded the Abbey Theatre and wrote the visionary poem 'The Second Coming'?
Correct Answer: b) W.B. Yeats
Explanation:
W.B. Yeats was a towering figure of 20th-century literature, blending Irish mythology, occultism, and modernist poetic power.
64. Who wrote the epic fantasy masterpiece 'The Lord of the Rings' (1954–1955)?
Correct Answer: b) J.R.R. Tolkien
Explanation:
J.R.R. Tolkien, an Oxford philologist and professor of Anglo-Saxon, constructed Middle-earth and its mythology.
65. Who wrote the Chronicles of Narnia fantasy series and Christian apologetic works like 'Mere Christianity'?
Correct Answer: b) C.S. Lewis
Explanation:
C.S. Lewis was a member of the Inklings at Oxford, celebrated for children's literature and Christian theology.
66. Which Northern Irish poet translated 'Beowulf' in 1999 and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1995?
Correct Answer: b) Seamus Heaney
Explanation:
Seamus Heaney was a premier poet of the late 20th century, exploring Irish identity, landscape, and mythology.
67. Who wrote the seminal Elizabethan play 'Doctor Faustus', detailing a scholar's pact with the devil?
Correct Answer: b) Christopher Marlowe
Explanation:
Christopher Marlowe was a brilliant Elizabethan dramatist renowned for blank verse and tragic ambition before his untimely death.
68. Which Jacobean comedy by Ben Jonson satirizes human greed, gullibility, and avarice in Venice?
Correct Answer: b) Volpone
Explanation:
Ben Jonson's 'Volpone' is a masterpiece of satirical drama exposing the corrupting power of wealth and deceit.
69. Who wrote the satirical utopian/dystopian travel narrative 'Gulliver's Travels' (1726)?
Correct Answer: b) Jonathan Swift
Explanation:
Jonathan Swift's multi-layered satire targeted human nature, politics, and scientific hubris through Lemuel Gulliver's voyages.
70. Which 18th-century English poet wrote 'Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard' (1751), a masterpiece of graveyard poetry?
Correct Answer: b) Thomas Gray
Explanation:
Thomas Gray's meditative elegy reflected on mortality, obscurity, and the lives of humble villagers.
71. Who wrote the Gothic novel 'The Monk' (1796), noted for shocking sensationalism and supernatural horror?
Correct Answer: b) Matthew Lewis
Explanation:
Matthew 'Monk' Lewis pushed Gothic fiction into darker realms of taboo, depravity, and demonic terror.
72. Which Romantic essayist and critic wrote 'Biographia Literaria' (1817), defining the primary and secondary imagination?
Correct Answer: b) Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Explanation:
Coleridge's 'Biographia Literaria' remains a towering achievement in English literary criticism and romantic theory.
73. Who wrote the classic Victorian detective novel 'The Moonstone' (1868), often called the first modern detective novel?
Correct Answer: b) Wilkie Collins
Explanation:
Wilkie Collins pioneered sensation fiction and detective mystery with 'The Moonstone'.
74. Which Victorian author wrote the Gothic vampire classic 'Dracula' (1897)?
Correct Answer: b) Bram Stoker
Explanation:
Bram Stoker immortalized Count Dracula and epistolary Gothic horror in late Victorian literature.
75. Who wrote the landmark modernist novel 'A Passage to India' (1924)?
Correct Answer: b) E.M. Forster
Explanation:
E.M. Forster examined British colonial rule in India and the tragic limits of cross-cultural friendship.
76. Which brilliant modernist novelist wrote 'Women in Love' and 'Sons and Lovers', exploring sexuality, class, and industrialism?
Correct Answer: b) D.H. Lawrence
Explanation:
D.H. Lawrence challenged Victorian sexual repression through passionate psychological novels.
77. Who wrote the dystopian satire 'Animal Farm' (1945), allegorizing the betrayal of the Russian Revolution?
Correct Answer: b) George Orwell
Explanation:
George Orwell's fable of farm animals taking over their manor exposed Stalinist totalitarianism ('All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others').
78. Which contemporary English novelist wrote 'The Remains of the Day' (1989), winning the Booker Prize?
Correct Answer: b) Kazuo Ishiguro
Explanation:
Kazuo Ishiguro's novel explored the poignant memories and suppressed regrets of an English butler in post-war Britain.
79. Who wrote the landmark 18th-century epistolary novel 'Clarissa' (1748), one of the longest novels in the English language?
Correct Answer: b) Samuel Richardson
Explanation:
Samuel Richardson's 'Clarissa' details the tragic psychological ordeal of a virtuous young woman pursued by the rake Lovelace.
80. Which 17th-century metaphysical poet wrote 'To His Coy Mistress', employing urgent carpe diem themes?
Correct Answer: b) Andrew Marvell
Explanation:
Andrew Marvell bridged metaphysical wit and Cavalier elegance in verse addressing time, mortality, and desire.
81. Who wrote the first English dictionary of difficult words, 'Table Alphabeticall', in 1604?
Correct Answer: b) Robert Cawdrey
Explanation:
Robert Cawdrey compiled the earliest known monolingual English dictionary to help readers understand loanwords.
82. Which Jacobean translation commissioned by King James I standardized English prose style and religious discourse from 1611 onward?
Correct Answer: b) The King James Bible (Authorized Version)
Explanation:
The King James Bible profoundly shaped English literature, idioms, and cultural consciousness for four centuries.
83. Who wrote the masterpiece of comic historiography 'The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman' (1759)?
Correct Answer: b) Laurence Sterne
Explanation:
Laurence Sterne anticipated postmodern narrative fragmentation and metafiction in his brilliantly eccentric novel 'Tristram Shandy'.
84. Which Romantic poet wrote the visionary dramatic poem 'Prometheus Unbound' (1820)?
Correct Answer: b) Percy Bysshe Shelley
Explanation:
Percy Bysshe Shelley celebrated human liberation from tyranny and intellectual oppression in his lyrical drama 'Prometheus Unbound'.
85. Who wrote the Victorian detective novella 'The Sign of the Four' and 'A Study in Scarlet'?
Correct Answer: b) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Explanation:
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle introduced Sherlock Holmes to the literary world in 'A Study in Scarlet' (1887).
86. Which modernist author wrote 'A Room of One's Own' (1929), a foundational text of feminist literary criticism?
Correct Answer: b) Virginia Woolf
Explanation:
Virginia Woolf argued that a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction.
87. Who wrote the 20th-century historical novel 'I, Claudius' (1934), bringing classical Roman history to modern fiction?
Correct Answer: b) Robert Graves
Explanation:
Robert Graves was a scholar, poet, and novelist who brilliantly recreated the intrigues of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.
88. Which contemporary Irish poet translated the ancient epic 'Beowulf' into modern verse in 1999?
Correct Answer: b) Seamus Heaney
Explanation:
Seamus Heaney's translation of 'Beowulf' brought Norse-Anglo-Saxon heroics into contemporary poetic cadence.
