Types of Literary Criticism MCQs

Q: 1. Which type of literary criticism focuses on the life, times, and psychological state of the author to interpret a text?

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Q: 2. Which critical approach treats a literary work as a self-contained, autonomous verbal object, paying close attention to diction, imagery, and meter without outside context?

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Q: 3. What is the primary focus of Marxist literary criticism?

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Q: 4. Which literary school analyzes texts through the lens of gender roles, patriarchal oppression, and the recovery of female literary traditions?

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Q: 5. What is the core emphasis of Reader-Response criticism?

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Q: 6. Which critical approach, pioneered by Edward Said, examines how Western literature and colonial discourses constructed patronizing representations of the 'Orient'?

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Q: 7. What does Psychoanalytic literary criticism primarily investigate?

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Q: 8. Which critical methodology examines literary works in dialogue with historical documents, cultural discourses, and institutional power dynamics of their era?

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Q: 9. What is the central premise of Deconstructive criticism, associated with Jacques Derrida?

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Q: 10. Which critical school studies literature through recurring universal symbols, myths, and patterns derived from anthropology and Jungian psychology?

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1. Which type of literary criticism focuses on the life, times, and psychological state of the author to interpret a text?

a) Biographical criticism

b) Formalist criticism

c) Deconstructive criticism

d) Archetypal criticism

Correct Answer: a) Biographical criticism

Explanation:

Biographical criticism investigates the author's life history, letters, and historical environment to shed light on the creation and meaning of a literary work.

2. Which critical approach treats a literary work as a self-contained, autonomous verbal object, paying close attention to diction, imagery, and meter without outside context?

a) New Criticism / Formalism

b) Marxist criticism

c) New Historicism

d) Post-colonial criticism

Correct Answer: a) New Criticism / Formalism

Explanation:

Formalism and New Criticism prioritize close reading and internal textual mechanics over historical or biographical background.

3. What is the primary focus of Marxist literary criticism?

a) The socio-economic conditions, class struggles, and ideological power structures embedded in texts

b) The psychological neuroses of the fictional characters

c) The structural grammar and syntax of sentences

d) The recurring mythological archetypes across world religions

Correct Answer: a) The socio-economic conditions, class struggles, and ideological power structures embedded in texts

Explanation:

Marxist criticism examines how literature reflects or challenges capitalist economic systems, social classes, and political ideology.

4. Which literary school analyzes texts through the lens of gender roles, patriarchal oppression, and the recovery of female literary traditions?

a) Feminist literary criticism

b) New Criticism

c) Structuralism

d) Russian Formalism

Correct Answer: a) Feminist literary criticism

Explanation:

Feminist criticism interrogates how gender is represented, exposes patriarchal biases, and champions women writers.

5. What is the core emphasis of Reader-Response criticism?

a) The active role of the reader in creating and experiencing the meaning of a text

b) The strict biographical intentions of the author

c) The historical publishing trends of the 19th century

d) The economic cost of printing books

Correct Answer: a) The active role of the reader in creating and experiencing the meaning of a text

Explanation:

Reader-response criticism shifts the critical spotlight from the static text or author to the reader's psychological and interpretive process.

6. Which critical approach, pioneered by Edward Said, examines how Western literature and colonial discourses constructed patronizing representations of the 'Orient'?

a) Post-colonial criticism

b) Formalism

c) Archetypal criticism

d) New Criticism

Correct Answer: a) Post-colonial criticism

Explanation:

Post-colonial criticism analyzes the cultural legacies, power dynamics, and imperialist assumptions of colonialism and globalization.

7. What does Psychoanalytic literary criticism primarily investigate?

a) The unconscious motives, repressed desires, dreams, and psychological conflicts of authors or characters

b) The commercial profitability of publishing houses

c) The geographical settings of novels

d) The grammatical structures of foreign languages

Correct Answer: a) Psychoanalytic criticism

Explanation:

Drawing on Freud and Lacan, psychoanalytic criticism reads texts like dreams to uncover latent psychological trauma and desire.

8. Which critical methodology examines literary works in dialogue with historical documents, cultural discourses, and institutional power dynamics of their era?

a) New Historicism

b) Extreme Formalism

c) Abstract Expressionism

d) Traditional Philology

Correct Answer: a) New Historicism

Explanation:

New Historicism views literature as a participant in historical power networks rather than a passive reflection of history.

9. What is the central premise of Deconstructive criticism, associated with Jacques Derrida?

a) Language is inherently unstable, contradictory, and incapable of securing a single, fixed meaning

b) Every novel must have a happy moral conclusion

c) Texts possess an absolute scientific truth

d) Authors always achieve total control over their creative output

Correct Answer: a) Language is inherently unstable, contradictory, and incapable of securing a single, fixed meaning

Explanation:

Deconstruction demonstrates how texts inevitably undermine their own binary oppositions and stable arguments.

10. Which critical school studies literature through recurring universal symbols, myths, and patterns derived from anthropology and Jungian psychology?

a) Archetypal (Mythic) criticism

b) Marxist criticism

c) Stylistics

d) Digital Humanities

Correct Answer: a) Archetypal (Mythic) criticism

Explanation:

Archetypal criticism (championed by Northrop Frye) connects literary plots and characters to seasonal myths and collective human patterns.

11. What does Eco-criticism (Environmental literary criticism) investigate?

a) The relationship between literature and the physical environment, nature, and ecological crises

b) The economic profits of paper mills

c) The psychological health of Victorian poets

d) The grammatical rules of gardening books

Correct Answer: a) Eco-criticism

Explanation:

Eco-criticism explores how nature is represented in texts and addresses environmental degradation and climate consciousness.

12. Which critical approach critiques heteronormativity and examines sexual fluidity, identity performance, and non-conforming desires?

a) Queer theory

b) New Criticism

c) Structuralism

d) Biographical criticism

Correct Answer: a) Queer theory

Explanation:

Queer theory interrogates rigid binary categories of sex and gender in cultural and literary texts.

13. What is the focus of Structuralist literary criticism?

a) Analyzing the underlying grammatical systems, codes, and narrative rules that govern literary texts

b) Judging the moral worth of characters

c) Studying the handwritten manuscripts of authors

d) Evaluating the market price of rare books

Correct Answer: a) Structuralism

Explanation:

Structuralism applies linguistic models (like Saussure's semiotics) to uncover the universal systems underlying literature.

14. Which critical approach examines how a text incorporates, echoes, or transforms prior texts through allusion, quotation, and cultural codes?

a) Intertextual criticism

b) Biographical criticism

c) Impressionistic criticism

d) Historical bibliography

Correct Answer: a) Intertextual criticism

Explanation:

Intertextuality views every text as a mosaic of prior cultural discourses and literary works.

15. What is Moral (Ethical) criticism primarily concerned with?

a) Evaluating literature based on its philosophical wisdom, human values, and moral consequences

b) Checking punctuation and spelling errors

c) Counting the number of syllables in a poem

d) Tracking copyright infringements

Correct Answer: a) Moral / Ethical criticism

Explanation:

Ethical criticism assesses the human and moral impact of the ideas, behaviors, and worldviews depicted in literature.

16. Which critical perspective examines literature through the lens of large computing datasets, quantitative text mining, and 'distant reading'?

a) Digital Humanities

b) Romantic criticism

c) Classical philology

d) Neo-Aristotelian criticism

Correct Answer: a) Digital Humanities

Explanation:

Digital humanities applies computational tools and quantitative data analysis to large corpuses of literature.

17. What does Phenomenological literary criticism focus on?

a) The subjective consciousness and lived perceptual experience of the author or reader as mediated by the text

b) The factory conditions where books are printed

c) The strict metrical rules of neoclassical verse

d) The political elections during the author's lifetime

Correct Answer: a) Phenomenological criticism

Explanation:

Phenomenological criticism explores how human consciousness encounters and constitutes literary reality.

18. Which critical approach analyzes how race, systemic racism, and white supremacy are maintained and contested through cultural narratives?

a) Critical Race Theory

b) New Criticism

c) Russian Formalism

d) Neo-Classical criticism

Correct Answer: a) Critical Race Theory

Explanation:

Critical Race Theory investigates how racial hierarchies operate implicitly through literature, legal frameworks, and culture.

19. What is the primary objective of Stylistic criticism?

a) Using rigorous linguistic tools to analyze an author's distinct stylistic choices, syntax, and phonetic patterns

b) Critiquing the fashion choices of characters in novels

c) Tracing the biographical love affairs of poets

d) Evaluating the financial success of publishing houses

Correct Answer: a) Stylistics

Explanation:

Stylistics bridges linguistics and literary criticism by analyzing precise grammatical and structural choices in texts.

20. Which critical method examines how stories are structured, categorizing plot mechanics, focalization, and narrative pacing?

a) Narratology

b) Biographical criticism

c) Impressionistic criticism

d) Moral criticism

Correct Answer: a) Narratology

Explanation:

Narratology is the structural study of how narratives operate, including point of view, time, and plot mechanics.

21. What is Post-humanist literary criticism?

a) A critique of human exceptionalism, exploring porous boundaries between humans, animals, technology, and nature

b) Science fiction novels about the extinction of mankind

c) Biographies of authors who lived after 2000

d) The rejection of all poetry written by living humans

Correct Answer: a) Post-humanist criticism

Explanation:

Post-humanism challenges the traditional Western definition of the autonomous human subject in light of technology and ecology.

22. Which critical school, originating in Chicago in the mid-20th century, revived Aristotelian formal analysis of genres and plot construction?

a) The Chicago School (Neo-Aristotelians)

b) The Frankfurt School

c) The Birmingham School

d) The Geneva School

Correct Answer: a) The Chicago School (Neo-Aristotelians)

Explanation:

The Chicago School (including Wayne Booth and R.S. Crane) focused on formal narrative mechanics, rhetoric, and genre.

23. What is Cultural Materialism (or British Cultural Studies) primarily concerned with?

a) The interplay between culture, power, political institutions, and working-class representation

b) Counting how many luxury goods appear in novels

c) The chemical composition of ancient papyrus

d) The private diaries of royal courts

Correct Answer: a) Cultural Materialism

Explanation:

Cultural materialism examines how cultural artifacts and literature participate in political power struggles and social structures.

24. Which psychoanalytic-feminist approach champions 'écriture féminine' (women's writing), urging women to reclaim bodily expression in literature?

a) French Feminism (Cixous, Irigaray)

b) Anglo-American Gynocriticism

c) Marxist Feminism

d) Liberal Feminism

Correct Answer: a) French Feminism

Explanation:

French feminist literary critics explored how patriarchal language represses the female body and called for revolutionary female writing styles.

25. What is 'Gynocriticism', a term coined by Elaine Showalter?

a) The study of women as writers and the development of a distinct female literary tradition

b) The critique of misogynistic male villains in novels

c) Psychoanalytic dream interpretation of female characters

d) Biographical research on male authors' wives

Correct Answer: a) Gynocriticism

Explanation:

Gynocriticism focuses on the history, themes, and structures of literature authored by women.

26. What does Trauma theory in literary criticism investigate?

a) How catastrophic historical events, violence, and collective trauma are narrated, repressed, or witnessed in texts

b) Medical malpractice lawsuits in novels

c) The psychological stress of reading difficult poetry

d) Physical injuries sustained by bookbinders

Correct Answer: a) Trauma theory

Explanation:

Trauma theory examines narrative fragmentation, memory, and the difficulty of articulating extreme historical violence.

27. Which critical framework analyzes texts through the lens of evolutionary psychology and human adaptive behaviors?

a) Darwinian (Evolutionary) literary criticism

b) Deconstructive criticism

c) New Critical formalism

d) Impressionistic criticism

Correct Answer: a) Darwinian literary criticism

Explanation:

Evolutionary literary criticism examines how literature reflects universal human motivations, mate selection, and survival strategies.

28. What is 'Impressionistic criticism'?

a) A subjective critical approach recording the reviewer's personal emotional impressions and feelings upon reading a work

b) Analyzing painting techniques used in book illustrations

c) Counting brush strokes on poetry manuscripts

d) A strict scientific formula for grading essays

Correct Answer: a) Impressionistic criticism

Explanation:

Impressionistic criticism (championed by figures like Anatole France) treats literary appreciation as a subjective aesthetic adventure.

29. Which critical approach examines how financial sponsorship, royal patronage, and publishing markets shape the creation of literature?

a) Materialist / Production criticism

b) Pure Formalism

c) Jungian archetypal criticism

d) Phenomenological criticism

Correct Answer: a) Materialist / Production criticism

Explanation:

Production criticism studies the material, economic, and institutional conditions under which books are published and consumed.

30. What is the primary focus of Subaltern Studies in post-colonial criticism?

a) Recovering the history and literature of marginalized, lower-class populations excluded from elite dominant narratives

b) Analyzing military strategies in war memoirs

c) Studying submarine travel in adventure novels

d) Reviewing basement printing presses

Correct Answer: a) Subaltern Studies

Explanation:

Subaltern studies focuses on the agency and silenced voices of the oppressed in post-colonial societies.

31. Which critical method examines how myths are transformed and updated in modern literature?

a) Myth-criticism

b) Mathematical stylistics

c) Strict textual bibliography

d) Literalist philology

Correct Answer: a) Myth-criticism

Explanation:

Myth-criticism explores how ancient mythological patterns persist and are resignified in modern narratives.

32. What is 'Practical Criticism', pioneered by I.A. Richards?

a) Analyzing anonymous poems without historical or biographical context to train close reading skills

b) Learning how to repair broken book bindings

c) Managing a public library budget

d) Teaching creative writing workshops

Correct Answer: a) Practical Criticism

Explanation:

I.A. Richards gave students poems without titles or author names to test their pure interpretive capabilities.

33. Which philosophical school, associated with the Frankfurt School, critiqued mass culture and the 'culture industry' through critical theory?

a) Western Marxism / Frankfurt School

b) American New Criticism

c) Russian Formalism

d) The Geneva School

Correct Answer: a) Frankfurt School

Explanation:

Adorno, Horkheimer, and Benjamin critiqued how capitalism turns art into standardized mass-market entertainment.

34. What is 'Genetic criticism' (critique génétique)?

a) The study of authors' drafts, notebooks, and manuscripts to trace the evolutionary genesis of a literary text

b) Analyzing DNA ancestry in character backstories

c) Tracing family trees in Victorian family sagas

d) Biological theories of evolution in naturalism

Correct Answer: a) Genetic criticism

Explanation:

Genetic criticism examines pre-textual materials (drafts, revisions) to understand how a literary work came into being.

35. Which critical approach applies economic theories of globalization, migration, and diaspora to literary texts?

a) Diaspora and Globalization criticism

b) Classical neoclassical criticism

c) Elizabethan schoolroom criticism

d) Medieval scholasticism

Correct Answer: a) Diaspora and Globalization criticism

Explanation:

This approach analyzes transnational migration, displacement, and cultural hybridity in modern world literature.

36. What is the primary concern of Stylometric literary criticism?

a) Using statistical and computational analysis of authorial word choice and sentence length to determine disputed authorship

b) Measuring the physical dimensions of poetry books

c) Evaluating the stylishness of character dialogue

d) Counting rhyme schemes in sonnets

Correct Answer: a) Stylometry

Explanation:

Stylometry uses quantitative statistics to analyze linguistic fingerprints for authorship attribution.

37. Which critical perspective examines literature through the lens of disability studies and corporeal difference?

a) Disability literary criticism

b) Formalist criticism

c) Pure structuralism

d) Biographical philology

Correct Answer: a) Disability criticism

Explanation:

Disability studies in literature critiques how physical and mental differences are stigmatized, represented, or marginalized in texts.

38. What is 'Geocriticism' (Spatial literary criticism)?

a) The study of the relationship between literature, physical geography, mapping, and human spaces

b) Analyzing geological descriptions in mining novels

c) The history of cartography in exploration books

d) Calculating travel distances in picaresque plots

Correct Answer: a) Geocriticism

Explanation:

Geocriticism explores how literary texts construct, represent, and interact with real and imaginary spaces and places.

39. Which critical approach views literature as a communicative speech act governed by pragmatic rules of context and intention?

a) Pragmatic / Speech-act literary criticism

b) Strict deconstruction

c) Impressionistic criticism

d) Abstract formalism

Correct Answer: a) Speech-act criticism

Explanation:

Speech-act criticism (drawing on Austin and Searle) analyzes literary texts as performative utterances that execute social actions.

40. What is 'Affective Stylistics', developed by Stanley Fish?

a) Analyzing the progressive emotional and cognitive experience of a reader as they encounter a text sentence by sentence

b) Evaluating the emotional tone of book reviews

c) Studying sentimental poetry of the 18th century

d) Measuring readers' heart rates while reading horror

Correct Answer: a) Affective Stylistics

Explanation:

Affective stylistics tracks the temporal unfolding of the reader's interpretive response to a text line by line.

41. Which critical framework investigates the representation of aging, longevity, and generational transition in literature?

a) Age Studies / Gerontological literary criticism

b) Pediatric literary criticism

c) Formalist prosody

d) Classical philology

Correct Answer: a) Age Studies / Gerontological criticism

Explanation:

Gerontological literary criticism examines how old age, mortality, and generational dynamics are depicted in texts.

42. What is the core focus of 'Book History' (Bibliographical criticism)?

a) The social, economic, and technological history of the creation, publication, distribution, and reception of books as physical objects

b) Summarizing the plots of famous novels

c) Grading student book reports

d) Designing book cover art

Correct Answer: a) Book History / Bibliographical criticism

Explanation:

Book history investigates how the physical manufacture and circulation of books shape literary meaning.

43. Which critical approach combines literary theory with cognitive science to study how the human brain processes fictional worlds?

a) Cognitive Poetics / Cognitive Literary Studies

b) Traditional psychoanalysis

c) New Critical formalism

d) Historical philology

Correct Answer: a) Cognitive Literary Studies

Explanation:

Cognitive criticism uses theories of mind, neuroscience, and blending to explain how readers imagine stories.

44. What is 'Dialogic criticism', based on the theories of Mikhail Bakhtin?

a) Analyzing how novels contain multiple competing social voices (polyphony) and ideological viewpoints

b) Studying transcripts of courtroom dialogues

c) Counting the number of conversations in a play

d) Reviewing scripts for radio broadcasts

Correct Answer: a) Dialogic criticism

Explanation:

Bakhtinian dialogism views literature as an arena where diverse socio-ideological voices interact, clash, and converse.

45. Which critical theory examines how texts construct childhood, adolescence, and socialization?

a) Children's Literature criticism / Childhood studies

b) Adult formalist criticism

c) Neoclassical drama theory

d) Renaissance rhetoric

Correct Answer: a) Childhood studies in literature

Explanation:

This approach analyzes how literature conceptualizes youth, education, innocence, and generational maturation.

46. What is 'Reception Aesthetics' (Rezeptionsästhetik)?

a) A critical school studying how literary texts are historically interpreted and received by changing reading publics

b) Evaluating the interior design of hotel libraries

c) Analyzing book launch party invitations

d) Counting library membership statistics

Correct Answer: a) Reception aesthetics

Explanation:

Pioneered by Jauss and Iser, reception aesthetics explores the historical 'horizon of expectations' of readers.

47. Which critical approach examines food, culinary practices, dining rituals, and hunger as symbolic motifs in literature?

a) Food Studies in literature

b) Agrarian economics

c) Culinary recipe criticism

d) Strict formalist prosody

Correct Answer: a) Food Studies

Explanation:

Food studies in literature analyzes how culinary habits signify class, gender, culture, and power.

48. What does 'Anxiety of Influence' criticism, founded by Harold Bloom, explore?

a) How later poets struggle psychologically and artistically against the overwhelming shadow of their literary precursors

b) How financial debt influences publishing houses

c) How political lobbies pressure authors to write propaganda

d) How advertising agencies market bestsellers

Correct Answer: a) Anxiety of Influence

Explanation:

Bloom analyzed poetic history through Freudian revisionary ratios where poets wrestle with their literary ancestors.

49. Which critical methodology applies economic concepts to analyze literary markets, literary value, and cultural capital?

a) Economic / Bourdieuian literary sociology

b) Strict New Critical formalism

c) Jungian myth-criticism

d) Impressionistic reviewing

Correct Answer: a) Bourdieuian literary sociology

Explanation:

Pierre Bourdieu's sociology of culture analyzes fields of cultural production, habitus, and symbolic capital.

50. What is 'Post-critique' in contemporary literary studies?

a) A movement questioning cynical, suspicious reading practices in favor of 'surface reading' and aesthetic appreciation

b) Writing book reviews after an author dies

c) The history of publishing after the year 2000

d) Rejecting all forms of academic publishing

Correct Answer: a) Post-critique

Explanation:

Post-critique responds to 'suspicious reading' by advocating for reparative, surface, and attuned aesthetic engagement with texts.

51. Which critical approach analyzes maritime themes, oceans, ships, and naval history in literature?

a) Oceanic / Thalassological literary criticism

b) Terrestrial eco-criticism

c) Aviation narrative theory

d) Desert geocriticism

Correct Answer: a) Oceanic criticism

Explanation:

Oceanic literary criticism explores the sea, maritime commerce, empire, and aquatic metaphors in world literature.

52. What is 'Animal Studies' criticism focused on?

a) Examining how non-human animals are represented, anthropomorphized, or exploited in literary texts

b) Veterinary medical reports

c) Children's animal fables grammar

d) Zoology textbook editing

Correct Answer: a) Animal Studies criticism

Explanation:

Animal studies interrogates speciesism and the literary depiction of non-human creatures.

53. Which critical approach studies the literary representation of disease, medicine, epidemics, and the human body?

a) Medical Humanities / Pathography criticism

b) Strict formalist prosody

c) Biographical philology

d) Classical rhetorical analysis

Correct Answer: a) Medical Humanities

Explanation:

Medical humanities explores how literature portrays illness, medical ethics, hospitals, and bodily vulnerability.

54. What is 'Digital Philology'?

a) The application of digital databases and computational tools to the historical study of language and texts

b) Typing handwritten manuscripts into word processors

c) Designing electronic book covers

d) Reading e-books on smartphones

Correct Answer: a) Digital Philology

Explanation:

Digital philology combines traditional textual scholarship with digital archives and computational text analysis.

55. Which critical framework explores the intersection of literature with science, mathematics, and technological theory?

a) Literature and Science studies

b) Pure Romanticism

c) Strict New Critical formalism

d) Impressionistic reviewing

Correct Answer: a) Literature and Science studies

Explanation:

This interdisciplinary field examines how scientific paradigms and technological discoveries influence literature and vice versa.

56. What is 'World Literature' as an institutional critical framework?

a) The study of literary works that circulate across national cultures in translation and acquire transnational resonance

b) An encyclopedia listing every book ever written

c) Reading books written exclusively in English

d) Geography textbooks

Correct Answer: a) World Literature

Explanation:

World literature examines global literary circulation, translation politics, and cross-cultural literary economies.

57. Which critical approach analyzes the rhetorical strategies, metaphors, and persuasion techniques used in political and literary texts?

a) Rhetorical criticism

b) Biographical criticism

c) Strict numerical stylistics

d) Impressionistic criticism

Correct Answer: a) Rhetorical criticism

Explanation:

Rhetorical criticism evaluates how texts persuade audiences through tropes, arguments, and stylistic appeals.

58. What is 'Translation Studies' as a branch of literary criticism?

a) The scholarly analysis of the linguistic, cultural, and ideological transformations involved in translating literary works

b) Learning foreign languages in high school

c) Publishing bilingual dictionaries

d) Using machine translation software

Correct Answer: a) Translation Studies

Explanation:

Translation studies views translation as an active, culturally mediated process of rewriting and interpretation.

59. Which critical approach examines how the Gothic genre explores societal anxieties, repressed secrets, and architectural monstrosity?

a) Gothic literary criticism

b) Neoclassical formalism

c) Strict pastoral criticism

d) Mathematical narratology

Correct Answer: a) Gothic criticism

Explanation:

Gothic criticism analyzes uncanny spaces, psychological doubling, and the return of the repressed in dark literature.

60. What is 'Marxist Cultural Studies' focused on?

a) How popular culture, ideology, and literature serve as sites of class struggle and capitalist hegemony

b) Calculating the market value of rare first editions

c) The grammar of socialist political tracts

d) Biographical profiles of communist authors

Correct Answer: a) Marxist Cultural Studies

Explanation:

Marxist cultural studies analyzes how cultural forms perpetuate or challenge capitalist power relations.

61. Which critical method examines how poems and novels use sound, rhythm, and meter to create aesthetic meaning?

a) Prosody / Formalist metric analysis

b) Biographical criticism

c) Post-colonial political critique

d) Eco-criticism

Correct Answer: a) Prosody

Explanation:

Prosody is the formal study of poetic meter, rhyme, stanzaic form, and acoustic patterns.

62. What is 'Energy Humanities' in contemporary literary criticism?

a) An approach examining how petroleum, coal, energy extraction, and carbon capitalism are represented in literature

b) Studying the physical stamina of Victorian writers

c) Literary biographies of electrical engineers

d) Analyzing science fiction rocket ships

Correct Answer: a) Energy Humanities

Explanation:

Energy humanities investigates how cultural narratives and texts engage with fossil fuels, power grids, and climate transitions.

63. Which critical framework analyzes the intersection of class, gender, and race within feminist theory, avoiding monolithic views of womanhood?

a) Intersectionality / Intersectional feminist criticism

b) First-wave liberal feminism

c) Strict New Critical formalism

d) Abstract structuralism

Correct Answer: a) Intersectionality

Explanation:

Intersectionality examines how overlapping social identities (race, class, gender) compound systems of oppression in literature.

64. What is 'Phenomenological Reading'?

a) An interpretive method focusing on the pure act of perception and consciousness as the reader builds the literary world

b) Studying paranormal phenomena in ghost stories

c) Analyzing optical illusions in poetry

d) Measuring reading speeds in laboratories

Correct Answer: a) Phenomenological reading

Explanation:

Phenomenological criticism treats reading as an active encounter between human consciousness and textual structures.

65. Which critical approach investigates the representation of madness, psychiatry, and mental illness in literature?

a) Mad Studies / Critical Psychiatry literary criticism

b) Traditional New Criticism

c) Strict formalist prosody

d) Classical rhetorical analysis

Correct Answer: a) Mad Studies / Critical psychiatry criticism

Explanation:

This approach critiques how psychological distress and psychiatric institutions are portrayed or pathologized in texts.

66. What is 'Spatial Turn' in literary criticism?

a) A critical shift toward analyzing geography, space, borders, and place rather than solely historical time

b) Changing the seating arrangement in literature seminars

c) Studying science fiction astronomy

d) The history of printing press room layouts

Correct Answer: a) Spatial Turn

Explanation:

The spatial turn revitalized literary criticism by emphasizing geography, cartography, and spatial politics.

67. Which critical method examines how humor, satire, irony, and carnival subvert official authorities in literature?

a) Bakhtinian Carnival / Satire criticism

b) Strict neoclassical tragedy theory

c) Solemn biographical philology

d) Pure structural grammar

Correct Answer: a) Bakhtinian Carnival criticism

Explanation:

Bakhtin's carnivalisation theory explores how grotesque humor and satire temporarily invert hierarchical social orders.

68. What is 'Affect Theory' in literary criticism?

a) The study of pre-personal bodily intensities, emotions, feelings, and visceral reactions produced by literature

b) Analyzing sentimental romance novels

c) Evaluating the emotional health of authors

d) Counting exclamation marks in poetry

Correct Answer: a) Affect Theory

Explanation:

Affect theory focuses on bodily visceral intensities and emotional circulations that precede conscious emotion in texts.

69. Which critical framework studies the literary legacy of the Roman Empire and classical antiquity on later European literature?

a) Classical Reception studies

b) Post-colonial criticism

c) Digital Humanities

d) Eco-criticism

Correct Answer: a) Classical Reception studies

Explanation:

Classical reception examines how Greco-Roman texts, myths, and traditions are reinterpreted across later historical eras.

70. What is 'Surface Reading'?

a) An interpretive method emphasizing what is openly stated, literal, and evident on the text's surface rather than unmasking hidden depths

b) Speed-reading books at a glance

c) Reading only book covers and summaries

d) Scanning barcodes with a smartphone

Correct Answer: a) Surface Reading

Explanation:

Surface reading counters symptomatic 'deep reading' by attending to explicit patterns, styles, and literal text elements.

71. Which critical approach analyzes sports, athleticism, and games as cultural narratives in literature?

a) Sports Literature criticism

b) Formalist prosody

c) Classical philology

d) Strict psychoanalysis

Correct Answer: a) Sports Literature criticism

Explanation:

Sports criticism examines how athletics embody cultural values, nationalism, class mobility, and bodily performance.

72. What is 'Post-classical Narratology'?

a) Expanded narrative theory incorporating feminist, cognitive, media, and cultural approaches beyond rigid structuralist models

b) Studying ancient Greek epics only

c) Rejecting all plot analysis

d) Biographical studies of novelists

Correct Answer: a) Post-classical Narratology

Explanation:

Post-classical narratology broadens classical structuralist narrative theory by integrating cognitive, feminist, and cultural frameworks.

73. Which critical perspective examines literature through the lens of human rights, political oppression, and legal testimony?

a) Human Rights / Witness literature criticism

b) Strict New Critical formalism

c) Abstract structuralism

d) Impressionistic reviewing

Correct Answer: a) Human Rights literary criticism

Explanation:

This approach analyzes how literature bears witness to political violence, genocide, exile, and human rights violations.

74. What is 'Genetic Structuralism', associated with Lucien Goldmann?

a) A Marxist critical method linking the mental structures of social classes to the formal structures of literary works

b) Analyzing genetic DNA in character genealogies

c) Studying biological evolution in naturalism

d) Strict linguistic grammar parsing

Correct Answer: a) Genetic structuralism

Explanation:

Lucien Goldmann combined Marxism and structuralism to argue that collective class worldviews shape literary forms.

75. Which critical approach explores the interaction between literature, visual art, photography, and film?

a) Intermedial / Ekphrastic literary criticism

b) Strict New Critical isolationism

c) Classical philology

d) Biographical bibliography

Correct Answer: a) Intermedial / Ekphrastic criticism

Explanation:

Intermedial criticism investigates how literature incorporates, dialogues with, or translates visual arts and media technologies.

76. What is 'Symptomatic Reading'?

a) An interpretive method (often Marxist or psychoanalytic) that reads a text for what it represses, hides, or fails to state

b) Diagnosing medical symptoms of characters

c) Checking spelling errors in manuscripts

d) Reading weather forecasts in novels

Correct Answer: a) Symptomatic Reading

Explanation:

Symptomatic reading unmasks ideological contradictions and repressed social tensions operating beneath a text's manifest content.

77. Which critical framework analyzes the impact of digital media, hypertexts, and internet culture on literary forms?

a) Electronic Literature / Digital media criticism

b) Classical parchment bibliography

c) Strict 19th-century philology

d) Renaissance rhetoric

Correct Answer: a) Electronic Literature criticism

Explanation:

Electronic literature criticism evaluates born-digital works, hypertext fiction, interactive poetry, and digital narrative aesthetics.

78. What is 'New Philology'?

a) A movement in medieval literary studies emphasizing manuscript culture, scribal variance, and material context over single ideal texts

b) Learning modern computer programming languages

c) Publishing paperback dictionaries

d) Translating ancient Greek poetry into slang

Correct Answer: a) New Philology

Explanation:

New philology treats medieval manuscripts as fluid material objects shaped by scribal culture rather than fixed authorial creations.

79. Which critical approach examines how the domestic sphere, housekeeping, and family labor are represented in literature?

a) Domestic / Home economics literary criticism

b) Strict maritime criticism

c) Warfare narratology

d) Alpine geocriticism

Correct Answer: a) Domestic criticism

Explanation:

Domestic criticism analyzes how home life, gendered labor, and domestic spaces signify cultural values and power relations.

80. What is 'Comparative Racialization' in literary criticism?

a) An approach examining how racial categories and hierarchies are constructed comparatively across different minority groups and texts

b) Comparing the printing speeds of different publishers

c) Tracing character genealogies in family sagas

d) Translating racial slurs into foreign languages

Correct Answer: a) Comparative Racialization

Explanation:

This approach analyzes how distinct racial groups are differentially minoritized and positioned within global literary discourses.

81. Which critical framework investigates the literary representation of work, labor history, and industrial production?

a) Working-class / Labor literary criticism

b) Aristocratic courtly criticism

c) Strict New Critical formalism

d) Impressionistic reviewing

Correct Answer: a) Working-class literary criticism

Explanation:

Labor criticism examines how working-class experiences, industrial exploitation, and trade unionism are depicted in literature.

82. What is 'Stylistic Morphing' in computational narratology?

a) Using algorithms to track how narrative styles and tropes evolve across historical literary periods

b) Morphing book covers using Photoshop

c) Changing character names in computer games

d) Translating prose into poetry automatically

Correct Answer: a) Computational stylistic evolution

Explanation:

Computational stylistics uses digital algorithms to map long-term historical shifts in literary style and genre conventions.

83. Which critical approach evaluates the philosophical implications of time, memory, and duration in modernist fiction?

a) Bergsonian / Temporal literary criticism

b) Strict mechanical clockwork formalism

c) Classical prosody

d) Strict bibliographical cataloging

Correct Answer: a) Temporal / Bergsonian criticism

Explanation:

Drawing on Henri Bergson, this approach analyzes psychological duration (durée) and stream-of-consciousness time in literature.

84. What is 'Ethno-criticism'?

a) The study of the literary intersections between dominant cultures and indigenous or minority oral traditions

b) Analyzing Greek and Roman mythology

c) Strict New Critical close reading

d) Biographical profiling of foreign authors

Correct Answer: a) Ethno-criticism

Explanation:

Ethno-criticism (pioneered by Arnold Krupat) bridges literary study and anthropology, focusing on Native American and minority oral texts.

85. Which critical framework examines how texts construct and subvert national identities and patriotism?

a) Nationalism / State-identity literary criticism

b) Pure formalist isolationism

c) Abstract structuralism

d) Impressionistic reviewing

Correct Answer: a) Nationalism criticism

Explanation:

This approach analyzes how literature invents 'imagined communities', national myths, and patriotic ideology.

86. What is 'Microhistory' applied to literary texts?

a) An approach investigating obscure historical archives, minor local documents, and micro-events to illuminate a literary work's cultural matrix

b) Writing extremely short book summaries

c) Studying microscopic print fonts in rare books

d) Analyzing short stories instead of epics

Correct Answer: a) Literary Microhistory

Explanation:

Microhistorical criticism zooms in on archival minutiae and obscure historical episodes to recontextualize literary texts.

87. Which critical approach investigates the representation of urban modernization, crowds, flaneurs, and cityscapes in literature?

a) Urban / Metropolitan literary criticism

b) Pastoral eco-criticism

c) Strict maritime criticism

d) Alpine geocriticism

Correct Answer: a) Urban literary criticism

Explanation:

Urban criticism examines how metropolitan centers, industrial alienation, and street life shape modern literature.

88. What is 'Secular Criticism', as advocated by Edward Said?

a) Criticism grounded in worldly historical reality and political responsibility rather than dogmatic or theological abstraction

b) Criticism written by atheists only

c) Strictly anti-religious book reviews

d) The history of secular publishing houses

Correct Answer: a) Secular Criticism

Explanation:

Edward Said championed secular criticism as a worldly, historically engaged practice conscious of political power.

89. Which critical methodology applies game theory and ludic concepts to analyze narrative choices and reader interaction?

a) Ludology / Game-narrative criticism

b) Strict formalist prosody

c) Classical philology

d) Traditional biographical criticism

Correct Answer: a) Ludology / Game criticism

Explanation:

Ludic criticism analyzes interactive fiction, video game narratives, and branching plot choices through game theory.

90. What is 'New Aestheticism' in contemporary literary criticism?

a) A movement advocating for a return to aesthetic pleasure, form, and beauty, moving away from purely political or ideological readings

b) Designing modern art galleries for bookstores

c) Strict Marxist political interpretation

d) Writing poetry about digital cameras

Correct Answer: a) New Aestheticism

Explanation:

New aestheticism reclaims the value of literary form, beauty, and affective pleasure against mandatory ideological critique.

91. Which critical framework analyzes how clothing, fashion, and bodily adornment function as semiotic signs in literature?

a) Fashion / Sartorial literary criticism

b) Strict economic production studies

c) Formalist metric prosody

d) Classical philology

Correct Answer: a) Sartorial criticism

Explanation:

Sartorial criticism examines how dress and fashion signify social class, identity, and moral character in novels.

92. What is 'Epistro-criticism' (Epistolary literary analysis)?

a) The critical study of letter-writing formats, epistolary novels, and correspondence networks in literature

b) Analyzing academic essay footnotes

c) Studying telegraph cables in war novels

d) Reviewing postal service regulations

Correct Answer: a) Epistolary criticism

Explanation:

Epistolary criticism investigates how letters, diaries, and fragmented documents shape narrative intimacy and point of view.

93. Which critical approach explores the literary representation of sleep, dreams, insomnia, and nocturnal consciousness?

a) Oneiric / Sleep studies literary criticism

b) Strict industrial labor criticism

c) Daytime urban realism

d) Maritime navigation theory

Correct Answer: a) Oneiric / Sleep criticism

Explanation:

Oneiric criticism analyzes dreams, nightmares, and somnambulism as narrative devices exploring the unconscious.

94. What is 'Deep Reading' in cognitive and literary critical debate?

a) Sustained, immersive, slow interpretive engagement with complex texts, contrasting with digital skimming

b) Scuba diving while reading waterproof books

c) Analyzing submarine warfare fiction

d) Studying underground cave descriptions

Correct Answer: a) Deep Reading

Explanation:

Deep reading champions focused, contemplative literary interpretation in an era of digital distraction.

95. Which critical methodology examines the politics of translation, linguistic imperialism, and untranslatability in world literature?

a) Post-colonial Translation criticism

b) Strict neoclassical formalism

c) Impressionistic reviewing

d) Classical philology

Correct Answer: a) Post-colonial translation criticism

Explanation:

This approach analyzes how unequal global power relations shape what gets translated, domesticated, or silenced across cultures.

96. What is 'Cynical Reason' or critique of ideology in postmodern literary theory?

a) Analyzing how contemporary subjects recognize false ideologies yet continue participating in them anyway

b) Writing sarcastic book reviews

c) Disliking all classic authors

d) Refusing to read fiction

Correct Answer: a) Critique of cynical reason

Explanation:

Drawing on Sloterdijk and Zizek, this criticism exposes enlightened false consciousness and systemic irony in modern culture.

97. Which critical framework analyzes the intersection of religion, theology, and secular literature?

a) Theological literary criticism / Religion and literature

b) Strict atheist deconstruction

c) Pure Marxist materialism

d) Abstract structuralism

Correct Answer: a) Religion and Literature criticism

Explanation:

This interdisciplinary field examines theological motifs, scripture reception, and spiritual dilemmas in secular and sacred texts.

98. What is 'Macroanalysis' in digital literary studies?

a) Quantitative computational study of massive literary corpuses, tracing historical patterns across thousands of texts

b) Writing very long book reviews

c) Analyzing epic poems word by word

d) Studying macroeconomics in novels

Correct Answer: a) Macroanalysis

Explanation:

Macroanalysis (advocated by Jockers and Moretti) uses computational algorithms to study broad trends across vast digital literary archives.

99. Which critical approach examines how domestic pets and companion animals are represented in literature?

a) Human-Animal Studies / Pet criticism

b) Strict agricultural livestock studies

c) Formalist prosody

d) Classical philology

Correct Answer: a) Human-Animal Studies

Explanation:

This field explores the emotional and cultural significance of companion animals and human-animal bonds in narrative art.

100. What is 'Reparative Reading', a concept introduced by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick?

a) A non-paranoid interpretive practice seeking sustenance, healing, and surprise in texts rather than unmasking hidden guilt

b) Proofreading and correcting printer typos

c) Rebinding old torn library books

d) Psychiatric therapy for fictional characters

Correct Answer: a) Reparative Reading

Explanation:

Reparative reading moves away from suspicious, paranoid critique toward nurturing, sustenance-seeking literary engagement.

101. Which critical framework analyzes the literary expression of silence, unsaid meanings, and narrative ellipses?

a) Aesthetics of Silence / Elliptical literary criticism

b) Acoustic noise analysis

c) Strict formalist rhetoric

d) Biographical documentation

Correct Answer: a) Aesthetics of Silence

Explanation:

This approach explores how narrative gaps, omissions, and deliberate silences convey profound thematic meaning.

102. What is 'Paranoid Reading', as critiqued by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick?

a) A defensive, anticipatory critical method dedicated to exposing hidden dangers, exposures, and ideological traps in texts

b) Reading mystery novels under suspicion

c) Checking doors while reading in libraries

d) Biographical paranoia studies

Correct Answer: a) Paranoid Reading

Explanation:

Sedgwick characterized traditional ideological critique as paranoid because it treats exposure and suspicion as its sole modes of knowledge.

103. Which critical methodology investigates the literary representation of waste, garbage, refuse, and discard culture?

a) Garbage Studies / Waste literary criticism

b) Strict luxury consumption studies

c) Formalist prosody

d) Classical philology

Correct Answer: a) Waste / Garbage literary criticism

Explanation:

Waste studies examines how refuse, landfills, and dirt signify social hierarchy, pollution, and consumer capitalism in literature.

104. What is 'Radical Philology'?

a) A political approach to textual scholarship that interrogates how historical archives and philological editing encode power and nationalism

b) Learning foreign alphabets quickly

c) Translating poetry into slang

d) Publishing cheap paperback books

Correct Answer: a) Radical Philology

Explanation:

Radical philology politicizes textual editing and historical linguistics, exposing ideological biases in standard editions.

105. Which critical framework analyzes the literary use of maps, cartography, and imaginary topographies?

a) Cartographic Literary Criticism

b) Geological mining criticism

c) Strict formalist metric analysis

d) Biographical cataloging

Correct Answer: a) Cartographic Literary Criticism

Explanation:

Cartographic criticism investigates how maps, fictional atlases, and spatial orientation structure narrative meaning.

106. What is 'Speculative Fiction Criticism'?

a) An analytical approach dedicated to science fiction, fantasy, horror, and alternate history as serious philosophical literature

b) Analyzing stock market investment guides

c) Strict realist novel criticism

d) Biographical author profiles

Correct Answer: a) Speculative Fiction criticism

Explanation:

Speculative fiction criticism validates non-realistic genres as vital explorations of philosophy, ethics, and futurity.

107. Which critical approach studies the literary representation of noise, soundscapes, music, and acoustic environments?

a) Sound Studies / Sonic literary criticism

b) Strict visual formalist criticism

c) Classical silent philology

d) Biographical bibliography

Correct Answer: a) Sound Studies / Sonic criticism

Explanation:

Sonic criticism explores auditory landscapes, musical echoes, and the politics of listening in literary texts.

108. What is 'Vernacular Criticism'?

a) Criticism that analyzes and values literature written in local, regional, or non-elite native dialects rather than classical languages

b) Reviewing slang dictionaries

c) Strict Latin and Greek textual editing

d) Formal academic lectures

Correct Answer: a) Vernacular Criticism

Explanation:

Vernacular criticism champions local dialects, oral folk traditions, and regional literatures over standard elite canons.

109. Which critical methodology examines how corporate capitalism, advertising, and consumer culture shape contemporary fiction?

a) Consumer Culture Literary Theory

b) Strict medieval scholasticism

c) Classical neoclassical formalism

d) Strict romantic idealism

Correct Answer: a) Consumer Culture theory

Explanation:

This approach analyzes how brands, shopping malls, commodities, and advertising saturate modern narrative texts.

110. What is 'Post-theory' in contemporary literary studies?

a) A critical moment following the high-theory era of the late 20th century, characterized by pragmatism and pluralistic methods

b) The total ban of all literary theory in universities

c) Writing books without any theoretical framework

d) The extinction of literature

Correct Answer: a) Post-theory

Explanation:

Post-theory reflects a pragmatic fatigue with dogmatic grand-theory systems, favoring flexible, pluralistic interpretive tools.

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1. Which type of literary criticism focuses on the life, times, and psychological state of the author to interpret a text?

2. Which critical approach treats a literary work as a self-contained, autonomous verbal object, paying close attention to diction, imagery, and meter without outside context?

3. What is the primary focus of Marxist literary criticism?

4. Which literary school analyzes texts through the lens of gender roles, patriarchal oppression, and the recovery of female literary traditions?

5. What is the core emphasis of Reader-Response criticism?

6. Which critical approach, pioneered by Edward Said, examines how Western literature and colonial discourses constructed patronizing representations of the 'Orient'?

7. What does Psychoanalytic literary criticism primarily investigate?

8. Which critical methodology examines literary works in dialogue with historical documents, cultural discourses, and institutional power dynamics of their era?

9. What is the central premise of Deconstructive criticism, associated with Jacques Derrida?

10. Which critical school studies literature through recurring universal symbols, myths, and patterns derived from anthropology and Jungian psychology?

11. What does Eco-criticism (Environmental literary criticism) investigate?

12. Which critical approach critiques heteronormativity and examines sexual fluidity, identity performance, and non-conforming desires?

13. What is the focus of Structuralist literary criticism?

14. Which critical approach examines how a text incorporates, echoes, or transforms prior texts through allusion, quotation, and cultural codes?

15. What is Moral (Ethical) criticism primarily concerned with?

16. Which critical perspective examines literature through the lens of large computing datasets, quantitative text mining, and 'distant reading'?

17. What does Phenomenological literary criticism focus on?

18. Which critical approach analyzes how race, systemic racism, and white supremacy are maintained and contested through cultural narratives?

19. What is the primary objective of Stylistic criticism?

20. Which critical method examines how stories are structured, categorizing plot mechanics, focalization, and narrative pacing?

21. What is Post-humanist literary criticism?

22. Which critical school, originating in Chicago in the mid-20th century, revived Aristotelian formal analysis of genres and plot construction?

23. What is Cultural Materialism (or British Cultural Studies) primarily concerned with?

24. Which psychoanalytic-feminist approach champions 'écriture féminine' (women's writing), urging women to reclaim bodily expression in literature?

25. What is 'Gynocriticism', a term coined by Elaine Showalter?

26. What does Trauma theory in literary criticism investigate?

27. Which critical framework analyzes texts through the lens of evolutionary psychology and human adaptive behaviors?

28. What is 'Impressionistic criticism'?

29. Which critical approach examines how financial sponsorship, royal patronage, and publishing markets shape the creation of literature?

30. What is the primary focus of Subaltern Studies in post-colonial criticism?

31. Which critical method examines how myths are transformed and updated in modern literature?

32. What is 'Practical Criticism', pioneered by I.A. Richards?

33. Which philosophical school, associated with the Frankfurt School, critiqued mass culture and the 'culture industry' through critical theory?

34. What is 'Genetic criticism' (critique génétique)?

35. Which critical approach applies economic theories of globalization, migration, and diaspora to literary texts?

36. What is the primary concern of Stylometric literary criticism?

37. Which critical perspective examines literature through the lens of disability studies and corporeal difference?

38. What is 'Geocriticism' (Spatial literary criticism)?

39. Which critical approach views literature as a communicative speech act governed by pragmatic rules of context and intention?

40. What is 'Affective Stylistics', developed by Stanley Fish?

41. Which critical framework investigates the representation of aging, longevity, and generational transition in literature?

42. What is the core focus of 'Book History' (Bibliographical criticism)?

43. Which critical approach combines literary theory with cognitive science to study how the human brain processes fictional worlds?

44. What is 'Dialogic criticism', based on the theories of Mikhail Bakhtin?

45. Which critical theory examines how texts construct childhood, adolescence, and socialization?

46. What is 'Reception Aesthetics' (Rezeptionsästhetik)?

47. Which critical approach examines food, culinary practices, dining rituals, and hunger as symbolic motifs in literature?

48. What does 'Anxiety of Influence' criticism, founded by Harold Bloom, explore?

49. Which critical methodology applies economic concepts to analyze literary markets, literary value, and cultural capital?

50. What is 'Post-critique' in contemporary literary studies?

51. Which critical approach analyzes maritime themes, oceans, ships, and naval history in literature?

52. What is 'Animal Studies' criticism focused on?

53. Which critical approach studies the literary representation of disease, medicine, epidemics, and the human body?

54. What is 'Digital Philology'?

55. Which critical framework explores the intersection of literature with science, mathematics, and technological theory?

56. What is 'World Literature' as an institutional critical framework?

57. Which critical approach analyzes the rhetorical strategies, metaphors, and persuasion techniques used in political and literary texts?

58. What is 'Translation Studies' as a branch of literary criticism?

59. Which critical approach examines how the Gothic genre explores societal anxieties, repressed secrets, and architectural monstrosity?

60. What is 'Marxist Cultural Studies' focused on?

61. Which critical method examines how poems and novels use sound, rhythm, and meter to create aesthetic meaning?

62. What is 'Energy Humanities' in contemporary literary criticism?

63. Which critical framework analyzes the intersection of class, gender, and race within feminist theory, avoiding monolithic views of womanhood?

64. What is 'Phenomenological Reading'?

65. Which critical approach investigates the representation of madness, psychiatry, and mental illness in literature?

66. What is 'Spatial Turn' in literary criticism?

67. Which critical method examines how humor, satire, irony, and carnival subvert official authorities in literature?

68. What is 'Affect Theory' in literary criticism?

69. Which critical framework studies the literary legacy of the Roman Empire and classical antiquity on later European literature?

70. What is 'Surface Reading'?

71. Which critical approach analyzes sports, athleticism, and games as cultural narratives in literature?

72. What is 'Post-classical Narratology'?

73. Which critical perspective examines literature through the lens of human rights, political oppression, and legal testimony?

74. What is 'Genetic Structuralism', associated with Lucien Goldmann?

75. Which critical approach explores the interaction between literature, visual art, photography, and film?

76. What is 'Symptomatic Reading'?

77. Which critical framework analyzes the impact of digital media, hypertexts, and internet culture on literary forms?

78. What is 'New Philology'?