The Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336–1646 CE) was a powerful southern Indian imperial power that flourished across the Deccan and southern peninsula, founded by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I on the banks of the Tungabhadra River. Reaching its zenith under Emperor Krishnadevaraya of the Tuluva Dynasty, the empire became renowned for its exceptional economic prosperity, international trade in spices and textiles, and breathtaking rock-cut architecture centered at its grand capital of Hampi. Serving as a crucial cultural bulwark in southern India, Vijayanagara patronized classical Sanskrit and Telugu literature before fracturing following the Battle of Talikota in 1565.
1. In which year was the Vijayanagara Empire founded?
Correct Answer: b) 1336
Explanation:
The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty.
2. Who were the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: a) Harihara and Bukka
Explanation:
Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, originally in the service of the Kakatiya and later Hoysala/Kampili kingdoms, established the empire.
3. On the banks of which river was the capital city of Vijayanagara established?
Correct Answer: d) Tungabhadra
Explanation:
The capital city of Vijayanagara (now Hampi) was built on the southern banks of the Tungabhadra River.
4. Which Hindu sage is traditionally credited with inspiring Harihara and Bukka to found the empire?
Correct Answer: b) Vidyaranya
Explanation:
Sage Vidyaranya of the Sringeri monastery provided spiritual guidance and inspiration to Harihara and Bukka to establish a Hindu kingdom.
5. What is the correct chronological order of the four dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: b) Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, Aravidu
Explanation:
The empire was ruled consecutively by the Sangama (1336-1485), Saluva (1485-1505), Tuluva (1491-1570), and Aravidu (1542-1646) dynasties.
6. Which dynasty was the first to rule the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: c) Sangama
Explanation:
The Sangama dynasty was the first dynasty to rule the empire, named after the father of Harihara and Bukka, Bhavana Sangama.
7. Who was the greatest ruler of the Sangama dynasty?
Correct Answer: d) Devaraya II
Explanation:
Devaraya II (reigned 1424-1446) was the most prominent and successful ruler of the Sangama dynasty, earning the title 'Gajabetegara'.
8. What does the title 'Gajabetegara', assumed by Devaraya II, mean?
Correct Answer: b) Hunter of Elephants
Explanation:
Devaraya II assumed the title 'Gajabetegara', which translates from Kannada as 'Hunter of Elephants', indicating his martial prowess.
9. Which Italian traveler visited Vijayanagara during the reign of Devaraya I?
Correct Answer: b) Niccolo de Conti
Explanation:
Niccolo de Conti, an Italian merchant and explorer, visited the Vijayanagara Empire in 1420 during Devaraya I's reign.
10. Which Persian ambassador visited the court of Devaraya II?
Correct Answer: c) Abdur Razzaq
Explanation:
Abdur Razzaq was an ambassador of Shah Rukh of Persia who visited Vijayanagara in 1443 and left detailed accounts of its wealth and administration.
11. Who founded the Saluva dynasty in the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: a) Saluva Narasimha
Explanation:
Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya usurped the throne in 1485, ending the Sangama dynasty and starting the short-lived Saluva dynasty.
12. The transition of power from the Sangama dynasty to the Saluva dynasty is historically referred to as the:
Correct Answer: a) First Usurpation
Explanation:
The overthrow of the Sangama dynasty by Saluva Narasimha in 1485 is known in Vijayanagara history as the First Usurpation.
13. Which dynasty did Krishnadevaraya belong to?
Correct Answer: c) Tuluva
Explanation:
Krishnadevaraya, the greatest emperor of Vijayanagara, belonged to the Tuluva dynasty.
14. Who was the founder of the Tuluva dynasty?
Correct Answer: c) Vira Narasimha
Explanation:
Vira Narasimha Raya, son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, founded the Tuluva dynasty after assassinating the last Saluva ruler.
15. The transition of power from the Saluva dynasty to the Tuluva dynasty is known as the:
Correct Answer: b) Second Usurpation
Explanation:
When Vira Narasimha Raya took the throne in 1505 from the Saluva dynasty, it became known as the Second Usurpation.
16. During which years did Krishnadevaraya rule the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: b) 1509-1529
Explanation:
Krishnadevaraya, the empire's most famous ruler, reigned from 1509 to 1529.
17. Which of the following titles was NOT assumed by Krishnadevaraya?
Correct Answer: d) Gajabetegara
Explanation:
Gajabetegara was the title of Devaraya II of the Sangama dynasty, not Krishnadevaraya.
18. Krishnadevaraya wrote the famous literary work 'Amuktamalyada' in which language?
Correct Answer: c) Telugu
Explanation:
Amuktamalyada is an epic poem in Telugu written by Krishnadevaraya, detailing the life of the Alvar saint Andal.
19. Krishnadevaraya is also credited with writing a Sanskrit drama. What is its name?
Correct Answer: b) Jambavati Kalyanam
Explanation:
Jambavati Kalyanam is a Sanskrit play written by Krishnadevaraya.
20. The court of Krishnadevaraya was adorned by eight great poets known as:
Correct Answer: b) Ashtadiggajas
Explanation:
The Ashtadiggajas (Eight Elephants of the Directions) were a group of eight renowned Telugu poets in Krishnadevaraya's court.
21. Who among the Ashtadiggajas was considered the greatest and known as 'Andhra Kavita Pitamaha'?
Correct Answer: c) Allasani Peddana
Explanation:
Allasani Peddana was the foremost of the Ashtadiggajas and was honored with the title 'Andhra Kavita Pitamaha' (Grandfather of Telugu Poetry).
22. Which prominent poet from the Ashtadiggajas wrote 'Manucharitam'?
Correct Answer: b) Allasani Peddana
Explanation:
Allasani Peddana authored 'Manucharitam', considered a masterpiece of Telugu literature.
23. Tenali Ramakrishna, known for his wit and humor in Krishnadevaraya's court, authored which important work?
Correct Answer: a) Panduranga Mahatmyam
Explanation:
Tenali Ramakrishna wrote the 'Panduranga Mahatmyam', a high-quality Telugu literary composition.
24. Which Portuguese traveler visited the court of Krishnadevaraya and left a detailed account of the empire's prosperity?
Correct Answer: b) Domingo Paes
Explanation:
Domingo Paes visited Vijayanagara around 1520 during Krishnadevaraya's reign and described it as being as large as Rome and extremely prosperous.
25. Another Portuguese traveler, Duarte Barbosa, visited Vijayanagara during the reign of which king?
Correct Answer: c) Krishnadevaraya
Explanation:
Duarte Barbosa visited India in the early 16th century and provided valuable accounts of Krishnadevaraya's empire.
26. Which Bahmani Sultan's kingdom was fractured, prompting Krishnadevaraya to restore a Bahmani prince and assume the title 'Yavanarajya Sthapanacharya'?
Correct Answer: a) Mahmud Shah
Explanation:
Krishnadevaraya defeated the Bahmani rebels, restored Sultan Mahmud Shah to power in Bidar, and took the title 'Establisher of the Yavana (Muslim) Kingdom'.
27. Who was the primary rival of Krishnadevaraya in the eastern Deccan (Odisha)?
Correct Answer: a) Prataparudra Deva
Explanation:
Prataparudra Deva of the Gajapati Empire in Odisha was defeated by Krishnadevaraya in a series of brilliant military campaigns.
28. Which major fort did Krishnadevaraya capture from the Adil Shahis of Bijapur in 1520?
Correct Answer: b) Raichur Fort
Explanation:
The Battle of Raichur (1520) saw Krishnadevaraya decisively defeat Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur to capture the strategic Raichur Doab.
29. Who succeeded Krishnadevaraya to the throne of Vijayanagara?
Correct Answer: b) Achyuta Deva Raya
Explanation:
Achyuta Deva Raya, the younger half-brother of Krishnadevaraya, succeeded him in 1529.
30. Which Portuguese horse trader and chronicler spent three years in Vijayanagara during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya?
Correct Answer: a) Fernao Nuniz
Explanation:
Fernao Nuniz stayed in Vijayanagara during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya and wrote the 'Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga'.
31. Who was the nominal ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire during the Battle of Talikota in 1565?
Correct Answer: b) Sadasiva Raya
Explanation:
Sadasiva Raya was the nominal Tuluva emperor, while the de facto power was held by his minister, Aliya Rama Raya.
32. Who was the de facto ruler and military commander of Vijayanagara at the Battle of Talikota?
Correct Answer: c) Aliya Rama Raya
Explanation:
Aliya Rama Raya, the son-in-law ('Aliya') of Krishnadevaraya, controlled the empire and led the army at Talikota.
33. In which year did the Battle of Talikota take place?
Correct Answer: b) 1565
Explanation:
The catastrophic Battle of Talikota was fought on January 23, 1565, resulting in the destruction of the capital city.
34. The Battle of Talikota is also known by another name due to the specific villages where it was fought. What is it?
Correct Answer: b) Battle of Bannihatti or Rakkasa-Tangadi
Explanation:
The battle is often called the Battle of Rakkasa-Tangadi or Bannihatti, as it was fought on the plains between these villages.
35. The Vijayanagara Empire was defeated at Talikota by an alliance of Deccan Sultanates. Which Sultanate did NOT participate in this alliance?
Correct Answer: d) Berar
Explanation:
Berar stayed out of the alliance due to a bitter border dispute with Ahmednagar, while Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar, and Bidar united against Vijayanagara.
36. What was the immediate consequence of the Battle of Talikota?
Correct Answer: b) The capital city was sacked and abandoned.
Explanation:
After Rama Raya's death, the victorious Deccan armies marched into Vijayanagara (Hampi) and systematically looted and destroyed it over several months.
37. Who shifted the capital of the surviving Vijayanagara Empire to Penukonda after the Battle of Talikota?
Correct Answer: b) Tirumala Deva Raya
Explanation:
Tirumala Deva Raya, brother of Rama Raya, fled with the puppet king Sadasiva Raya and the royal treasury to Penukonda to re-establish the empire.
38. Which dynasty ruled the Vijayanagara Empire after the Battle of Talikota?
Correct Answer: c) Aravidu
Explanation:
Tirumala Deva Raya officially founded the Aravidu dynasty in 1570, which ruled the declining empire until its collapse.
39. Who was the last great ruler of the Aravidu dynasty, who ruled from Chandragiri and briefly revived the empire's fortunes?
Correct Answer: c) Venkata II
Explanation:
Venkata II (reigned 1586-1614) successfully resisted Deccan invasions, dealt with European traders, and revived the empire's strength temporarily.
40. Who was the final ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire before it collapsed entirely in 1646?
Correct Answer: c) Sriranga III
Explanation:
Sriranga III was the last ruler of the Aravidu dynasty and the Vijayanagara Empire, losing his territories to Bijapur and Golconda by 1646.
41. What was the core provincial administration system of the Vijayanagara Empire called?
Correct Answer: c) Nayankara system
Explanation:
The Nayankara system involved military chiefs (Nayakas) who were granted land (Amaram) in exchange for maintaining a stipulated military force for the emperor.
42. In the Nayankara system, the land granted to a military chief was known as:
Correct Answer: c) Amaram
Explanation:
The land granted to the Nayakas was called 'Amaram', and therefore the chiefs were often referred to as Amaranayakas.
43. The village administration in the Vijayanagara Empire was organized under which system?
Correct Answer: b) Ayagar system
Explanation:
The Ayagar system governed village administration, consisting of a body of 12 functionaries (Ayagars) who maintained village affairs.
44. Under the Ayagar system, how were the 12 village officers generally compensated?
Correct Answer: b) By tax-free land grants called Manyam
Explanation:
The Ayagars were granted tax-free lands known as 'Manyam' or received a specific portion of the village agricultural produce for their services.
45. What was the most widely circulated gold coin in the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: c) Varaha
Explanation:
The Varaha (also known as Pagoda by foreigners) was the standard gold coin of the empire, often featuring deities like Vishnu or Shiva.
46. Foreign travelers often referred to the Vijayanagara gold coin 'Varaha' as:
Correct Answer: c) Pagoda
Explanation:
European traders and travelers frequently referred to the Varaha coin as a 'Pagoda' due to the temple imagery stamped on it.
47. The architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire is a synthesis of previous Dravidian styles, often referred to as the:
Correct Answer: c) Provida style
Explanation:
The Vijayanagara architectural style is sometimes classified as 'Provida', representing a vibrant evolution and combination of Chola, Hoysala, and Pandya styles.
48. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Vijayanagara temple architecture?
Correct Answer: b) Kalyana Mandapa
Explanation:
The addition of a 'Kalyana Mandapa' (marriage hall for the deities), with elaborately carved pillars, is a hallmark of Vijayanagara temples.
49. The tall, ornate monumental gateways added to temples during the Vijayanagara period are called:
Correct Answer: b) Rayagopurams
Explanation:
The emperors built massive entrance towers called 'Rayagopurams' to demonstrate imperial power and religious devotion.
50. Which famous temple in Hampi is renowned for its 56 musical pillars that produce musical notes when struck?
Correct Answer: c) Vitthala Temple
Explanation:
The Vitthala Temple is the most exquisite architectural showpiece of Hampi, famous for its iconic stone chariot and musical pillars.
51. The iconic 'Stone Chariot', a shrine dedicated to Garuda, is located in the courtyard of which temple?
Correct Answer: b) Vitthala Temple
Explanation:
The Stone Chariot is actually a shrine dedicated to Garuda, the eagle mount of Lord Vishnu, situated inside the Vitthala Temple complex.
52. Which temple in Hampi served as the private place of worship for the royal family and features extensive Ramayana bas-reliefs?
Correct Answer: c) Hazara Rama Temple
Explanation:
The Hazara Rama Temple, located in the royal enclosure, features thousands of continuous bas-reliefs telling the story of the Ramayana.
53. Who is the principal deity of the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, considered the patron deity of the Vijayanagara rulers?
Correct Answer: b) Lord Shiva
Explanation:
Lord Virupaksha, a form of Lord Shiva, was the patron deity of the Vijayanagara kings, who often signed their edicts 'Sri Virupaksha'.
54. The 'Mahanavami Dibba' in the royal enclosure of Hampi was used primarily for:
Correct Answer: c) Viewing the Dasara/Navaratri festivals
Explanation:
The Mahanavami Dibba is a massive elevated stone platform from which the king watched the grand Navaratri (Mahanavami) celebrations and military parades.
55. Which queen of Harihara I is associated with the construction of the early fortifications of Vijayanagara?
Correct Answer: d) The records do not explicitly credit a queen for early fortifications.
Explanation:
Early fortifications were established by Harihara and Bukka with guidance from Vidyaranya; specific queenly attributions for this are not standard history.
56. The Sanskrit work 'Madhura Vijayam' was written by which royal woman of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: b) Ganga Devi
Explanation:
Ganga Devi, wife of Prince Kumara Kampana, wrote 'Madhura Vijayam', which describes her husband's victory over the Madurai Sultanate.
57. The victory of Kumara Kampana over the Madurai Sultanate occurred during the reign of which emperor?
Correct Answer: b) Bukka I
Explanation:
During the reign of Bukka I, his son Kumara Kampana led an expedition to the south and successfully eliminated the Madurai Sultanate around 1370.
58. Harihara II, who succeeded Bukka I, was the first Vijayanagara ruler to assume the imperial title of:
Correct Answer: b) Maharajadhiraja
Explanation:
Harihara II expanded the empire significantly and was the first Sangama ruler to assume the imperial title 'Maharajadhiraja' (King of Kings).
59. Devaraya I is particularly remembered for his significant contributions to:
Correct Answer: b) Constructing a dam across the Tungabhadra for irrigation
Explanation:
Devaraya I built a massive dam across the Tungabhadra River to provide water for the capital city and improve agricultural irrigation.
60. Who was the chief minister and general of Saluva Narasimha, who later became the de facto ruler and founded the Tuluva dynasty?
Correct Answer: c) Tuluva Narasa Nayaka
Explanation:
Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was the trusted general of Saluva Narasimha who eventually took control of the empire, paving the way for the Tuluva dynasty.
61. What was the name of the highly respected prime minister (Mahamantri) of Krishnadevaraya?
Correct Answer: b) Timmarusu
Explanation:
Timmarusu, affectionately called 'Appaji' by Krishnadevaraya, was his astute prime minister who played a crucial role in his administrative and military successes.
62. Which text by Sayana, written during the early Vijayanagara period, is a seminal commentary on the Vedas?
Correct Answer: a) Vedartha Prakashika
Explanation:
Sayana, a scholar in the court of Harihara II, wrote 'Vedartha Prakashika', a highly influential commentary on the Vedas.
63. Which architectural monument in Hampi reflects the secular architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire, blending Hindu and Islamic elements?
Correct Answer: b) Lotus Mahal
Explanation:
The Lotus Mahal is a prime example of Indo-Islamic (or secular) architecture in Hampi, featuring lobed arches and geometric precision.
64. What was the royal emblem of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: c) Varaha (Boar)
Explanation:
The Varaha (the boar incarnation of Vishnu) along with the sun, moon, and a dagger, served as the royal emblem of the Vijayanagara Empire.
65. Which traveler noted that the streets of Vijayanagara were lined with beautiful houses and shops selling precious stones?
Correct Answer: c) Domingo Paes
Explanation:
Domingo Paes provided an extremely flattering account of the capital's bazaars, which openly traded in diamonds, rubies, and pearls.
66. To secure his northern borders, Krishnadevaraya fought a long war (1513–1518) against the Gajapati Empire located in modern-day:
Correct Answer: c) Odisha
Explanation:
The Gajapati Empire was based in Odisha (Kalinga). Krishnadevaraya eventually defeated them and married the Gajapati princess Jaganmohini.
67. Which Bahmani Sultan declared 'Jihad' against Vijayanagara during the reign of Devaraya I, leading to a major conflict?
Correct Answer: a) Tajuddin Firuz Shah
Explanation:
Firuz Shah Bahmani engaged in multiple wars with Devaraya I over the Raichur Doab, eventually defeating him and marrying his daughter in a peace treaty.
68. What was the main bone of contention between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Bahmani Sultanate?
Correct Answer: b) The Raichur Doab
Explanation:
The highly fertile, mineral-rich Raichur Doab, located between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers, was the primary cause of constant warfare between the two empires.
69. To improve his cavalry against the Bahmani Sultanate, which Vijayanagara ruler is known to have recruited Muslim archers into his army?
Correct Answer: c) Devaraya II
Explanation:
Devaraya II realized the superiority of Muslim cavalry and archery; he actively recruited Muslim soldiers, gave them jagirs, and built a mosque for them in the capital.
70. Which of the following ports was a major center for horse trade with the Portuguese during the Vijayanagara era?
Correct Answer: c) Bhatkal
Explanation:
Bhatkal (and Goa) were major ports on the western coast where the Vijayanagara kings heavily imported Arabian and Persian horses through Portuguese traders.
71. The poet Srinatha, who wrote 'Sringara Naishadham', was honored with the title 'Kavi Sarvabhauma' in the court of:
Correct Answer: b) Devaraya II
Explanation:
Srinatha was a highly celebrated Telugu poet who was honored with the Kanakabhishekam (bathing in gold) by Devaraya II.
72. What is the subject matter of Krishnadevaraya’s 'Amuktamalyada'?
Correct Answer: b) The story of the poet-saint Andal and her devotion to Lord Vishnu
Explanation:
Amuktamalyada translates to 'One who offers the garland after wearing it', referring to the story of Andal (Goda Devi), a Tamil Alvar saint.
73. The 'Amuktamalyada' also contains extensive passages on:
Correct Answer: b) Statecraft, duties of a king, and political maxims
Explanation:
Besides its religious theme, the poem is famous for its detailed verses outlining Rajaniti (statecraft), economy, and the duties of a monarch.
74. Who authored the historical text 'Rayavachakamu', which gives insights into Krishnadevaraya's reign?
Correct Answer: c) Ekamranatha
Explanation:
Ekamranatha is the author of 'Rayavachakamu', a Telugu prose work that provides a semi-historical account of Krishnadevaraya's campaigns.
75. What was the main source of income for the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: c) Land revenue
Explanation:
As with most pre-modern Indian states, land revenue (generally assessed at one-sixth to one-fourth of the produce) was the primary source of state income.
76. In the Vijayanagara administrative structure, what did the term 'Kandachara' refer to?
Correct Answer: a) The military department
Explanation:
The Kandachara was the central military department of the Vijayanagara Empire, overseen by the Dandanayaka (Commander-in-chief).
77. The women of the Vijayanagara empire were known to be active in various fields. Which traveler noted that women were wrestlers, astrologers, and accountants?
Correct Answer: d) Fernao Nuniz
Explanation:
Fernao Nuniz wrote extensively about the royal women of Vijayanagara, noting they served as wrestlers, guards, musicians, and accountants in the palace.
78. Which important social system, involving the self-immolation of widows, was documented as being prevalent among the upper classes by foreign travelers?
Correct Answer: b) Sati (Sahagamana)
Explanation:
Travelers like Nuniz and Paes observed and documented the practice of Sati, where widows voluntarily or under societal pressure immolated themselves on their husband's pyre.
79. Who was the founder of the Madurai Nayak dynasty, which originally started as a governorship under the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: b) Viswanatha Nayak
Explanation:
Viswanatha Nayak was appointed as the viceroy (Nayaka) of Madurai by Krishnadevaraya; he later founded the quasi-independent Madurai Nayak dynasty.
80. The Thanjavur Nayak kingdom was established during the reign of which Vijayanagara emperor?
Correct Answer: b) Achyuta Deva Raya
Explanation:
Sevappa Nayak was appointed as the viceroy of Thanjavur by Achyuta Deva Raya, eventually leading to the establishment of the Thanjavur Nayak dynasty.
81. Which architectural feature is most closely associated with the Lepakshi temple built during the Vijayanagara period?
Correct Answer: b) The hanging pillar and large monolithic Nandi
Explanation:
The Veerabhadra temple at Lepakshi is famous for its 'hanging pillar', exquisite fresco paintings, and a massive monolithic Nandi bull nearby.
82. Who built the famous Veerabhadra temple at Lepakshi?
Correct Answer: b) Virupanna and Veeranna
Explanation:
The temple was built in the 16th century by two brothers, Virupanna and Veeranna, who were governors under Emperor Achyuta Deva Raya.
83. The 'Vidyashankara Temple' at Sringeri, combining Hoysala and Dravidian features, was built by which early Vijayanagara ruler?
Correct Answer: a) Harihara I
Explanation:
The Vidyashankara temple was built by Harihara I (with the guidance of Vidyaranya) in memory of Guru Vidyatirtha.
84. Which Russian merchant traveled to the Deccan and visited the Bahmani Sultanate during the era of Devaraya II, writing 'The Journey Beyond Three Seas'?
Correct Answer: a) Afanasy Nikitin
Explanation:
Afanasy Nikitin was a Russian merchant who visited the Deccan in the 1470s, though his accounts primarily detail the Bahmani kingdom, they provide context on the region.
85. The gold coin 'Varaha' was generally equivalent to how many silver 'Taras'?
Correct Answer: c) 32
Explanation:
In the Vijayanagara currency system, 1 gold Varaha (or Gadyana) was divided into smaller denominations, often equivalent to 32 silver Taras.
86. Who was the chief deity of the Kakatiya dynasty, whom Harihara and Bukka reportedly served before founding Vijayanagara?
Correct Answer: b) Goddess Kakati
Explanation:
The early history suggests Harihara and Bukka served Prataparudra II of the Kakatiya dynasty, whose patron deity was Goddess Kakati.
87. Which Sultan of Delhi captured Harihara and Bukka, supposedly converting them to Islam before they returned to the south?
Correct Answer: c) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Explanation:
According to traditional accounts, Muhammad bin Tughlaq captured the brothers at Kampili, took them to Delhi, and later sent them south to quell rebellions, where they reverted to Hinduism.
88. What was the primary function of the 'Mahanayakacharya' in the Vijayanagara administration?
Correct Answer: b) He acted as a liaison officer between the central government and the village administration.
Explanation:
The Mahanayakacharya was a central officer appointed to maintain contact between the imperial government and the village assemblies (Ayagars).
89. Which of these administrative units represents the descending order of territorial divisions in the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: a) Rajya, Valanadu, Nadu, Grama
Explanation:
The empire was divided into Rajyas (provinces), further divided into Valanadus (districts), Nadus (sub-districts), and Gramas (villages).
90. What was the 'Poligar' system that evolved in the late Vijayanagara period?
Correct Answer: c) A system where regional chieftains held military and administrative autonomy
Explanation:
The Palayakkarar (Poligar) system evolved from the Nayankara system, where local chieftains amassed significant autonomy and military power, especially as the central empire weakened.
91. The celebrated poetess Molla, who translated the Ramayana into Telugu, lived during the reign of which emperor?
Correct Answer: b) Krishnadevaraya
Explanation:
Atukuri Molla was a prominent Telugu poetess who authored the 'Molla Ramayanam' during the golden era of Krishnadevaraya.
92. Who was the Bahmani commander who led the coalition forces at the Battle of Talikota?
Correct Answer: b) Hussain Nizam Shah I
Explanation:
Hussain Nizam Shah I of Ahmednagar was one of the principal architects of the coalition and personally beheaded Aliya Rama Raya during the battle.
93. Who betrayed Aliya Rama Raya during the Battle of Talikota, turning the tide of the battle?
Correct Answer: a) Two of his own Muslim commanders (Gilani brothers)
Explanation:
According to several historical accounts, two Muslim generals in Rama Raya's army defected to the Sultanate side mid-battle, causing panic and the collapse of the Vijayanagara center.
94. Which text is considered the primary indigenous chronicle of the Battle of Talikota?
Correct Answer: a) Bakhair of Rama Raya
Explanation:
The 'Bakhair of Rama Raya' (or Ramarajana Bakhair) is a Kannada chronicle detailing the events leading up to and during the Battle of Talikota.
95. The 'Rayagopuram' added to the Meenakshi Temple at Madurai and the Nataraja Temple at Chidambaram were primarily sponsored by:
Correct Answer: b) Krishnadevaraya
Explanation:
Krishnadevaraya sponsored massive Rayagopurams at several important South Indian temples, including Chidambaram, Tiruvannamalai, and Madurai.
96. Which of these terms was used to describe the tax on prostitutes in the Vijayanagara Empire?
Correct Answer: d) Sulevari
Explanation:
According to Abdur Razzaq, a specific tax called 'Sulevari' was levied on prostitutes, and the revenue was used to maintain the empire's police force.
97. The capital city of Vijayanagara had a sophisticated water supply system. What was the name of the main aqueduct that supplied water to the royal center?
Correct Answer: b) Hiriya Canal
Explanation:
The Hiriya Canal (or Hiriya Kaluve) was one of the most prominent canals built to bring water from the Tungabhadra river directly into the royal center.
98. Who was the foreign traveler who observed that the Vijayanagara king maintained an army of one million soldiers?
Correct Answer: a) Abdur Razzaq
Explanation:
Abdur Razzaq exaggeratedly noted that the king (Devaraya II) had an army of a million men and that the empire was immensely wealthy.
99. The famous statue of Ugra Narasimha (Lakshmi Narasimha) in Hampi was carved during the reign of:
Correct Answer: b) Krishnadevaraya
Explanation:
The giant 6.7-meter monolithic statue of Lakshmi Narasimha was carved out of a single boulder in 1528 under the orders of Krishnadevaraya.
100. Which Nayak kingdom provided crucial support to Venkata II in repelling the Golconda forces in the late 16th century?
Correct Answer: b) Thanjavur Nayaks
Explanation:
The Thanjavur Nayaks remained deeply loyal to the Aravidu dynasty and helped Venkata II successfully defend Chandragiri from Golconda's attacks.
101. In the Vijayanagara context, what was a 'Matha'?
Correct Answer: c) A Hindu monastic establishment or seminary
Explanation:
Mathas were religious monasteries (like Sringeri) that wielded massive spiritual, social, and economic influence during the Vijayanagara period.
102. Which of the following literary works was written by Purandara Dasa, a renowned composer of the Vijayanagara era?
Correct Answer: a) Devaranamas
Explanation:
Purandara Dasa, considered the father of Carnatic music, composed thousands of devotional songs known as 'Devaranamas' during this period.
103. Which saint-composer, a contemporary of Purandara Dasa, was famous for his compositions on Lord Venkateshwara?
Correct Answer: b) Annamacharya
Explanation:
Tallapaka Annamacharya was a great Telugu saint-composer of the 15th century, supported by the Saluva dynasty, who composed sankirtanas on Lord Venkateshwara.
104. What material was predominantly used to construct the massive fortifications of the Vijayanagara capital?
Correct Answer: c) Granite
Explanation:
The fortifications and foundational architecture of Hampi were constructed using large blocks of locally abundant granite without the use of mortar.
105. Which foreign traveler compared the city of Vijayanagara to the city of Milan in Italy?
Correct Answer: a) Niccolo de Conti
Explanation:
Niccolo de Conti, an Italian from Venice, compared the vastness and circumference of Vijayanagara to major Italian cities.
106. Who was the leader of the brief rebellion in the Tamil region that Krishnadevaraya successfully crushed?
Correct Answer: b) Chellappa (Vira Narasimha)
Explanation:
Chellappa, also known as Saluva Vira Narasimha, the governor of the Chola region, rebelled against Krishnadevaraya but was swiftly defeated.
107. In Vijayanagara society, the 'Vipravinodins' were:
Correct Answer: a) A group of Brahmin entertainers/magicians
Explanation:
The Vipravinodins were a specialized sect of Brahmins who performed magic and entertainment, mentioned in several inscriptions from the era.
108. The famous 'Hazara Rama Temple' was primarily dedicated to which Hindu deity?
Correct Answer: b) Lord Rama
Explanation:
As the name suggests, the Hazara Rama (A Thousand Ramas) temple was dedicated to Lord Rama, an avatar of Vishnu.
109. Which Portuguese viceroy sent an embassy to the court of Krishnadevaraya to secure a treaty?
Correct Answer: b) Afonso de Albuquerque
Explanation:
Afonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor of Goa, sent Friar Luis to Krishnadevaraya's court to negotiate a trade treaty, primarily for horses.
110. Krishnadevaraya granted permission to the Portuguese to build a fort in which coastal city?
Correct Answer: b) Bhatkal
Explanation:
In 1514, Krishnadevaraya permitted the Portuguese to build a fort at Bhatkal in exchange for a monopoly on the Arabian horse trade.
111. What is the name of the new city founded by Krishnadevaraya near Vijayanagara in memory of his mother?
Correct Answer: a) Nagalapura
Explanation:
Krishnadevaraya founded a new suburb/city called Nagalapura (modern-day Hospet) in honor of his mother, Nagala Devi.
112. Which of these titles was NOT used by the kings of Vijayanagara?
Correct Answer: c) Gajapati
Explanation:
'Gajapati' (Lord of Elephants) was the title used by the rulers of Odisha. The Vijayanagara kings used titles like Hindu Suratrana (Sultan of Hindus) and Raya.
113. The administrative manual 'Rayavachakamu' claims that Krishnadevaraya's empire had a specific revenue policy. What was the ideal division of state income?
Correct Answer: b) One fourth for charity, one fourth for the king, one half for the army
Explanation:
Traditional texts like Rayavachakamu and Amuktamalyada suggest an ideal king should divide his income: 1/4th for personal/charity, 1/4th for the treasury, and 1/2 for the army.
114. The 'Navaratri' festival in Vijayanagara was observed with great pomp. It was dedicated to which deity?
Correct Answer: a) Durga/Chamundeshwari
Explanation:
The Navaratri (or Mahanavami) festival was a grand state event dedicated to Goddess Durga/Chamundeshwari, demonstrating the king's power and divine mandate.
115. The 'Amaram' lands granted to the Nayakas were completely free of any obligations. (True or False context)
Correct Answer: b) False, the Nayakas had to pay an annual tribute and maintain a fixed number of troops.
Explanation:
Amaram lands were conditional grants. Amaranayakas had to submit a portion of the revenue to the state treasury and maintain a required military contingent.
116. Which Italian traveler described the massive fortifications of Vijayanagara consisting of seven concentric walls?
Correct Answer: b) Abdur Razzaq
Explanation:
Abdur Razzaq famously described Vijayanagara as having seven lines of concentric fortifications, enclosing agricultural fields and the city.
117. What is the meaning of the word 'Vijayanagara'?
Correct Answer: b) City of Victory
Explanation:
'Vijaya' means victory and 'Nagara' means city. Hence, Vijayanagara translates to the 'City of Victory'.
